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Indian National Congress (also known as the Congress Party or Congress (I), abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. Created in 1885, the Indian National Congress became the nation's leader in the Independence Movement, with over 15 million Indians involved in its organisations and over 70 million participants in its struggle against the British Empire. After Independence in 1947, it became the nation's dominant political party. In the 14th Lok Sabha (2004-2009), 145 INC members, the largest contingent amongst all parties, serve in the house. The party is currently the chief member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition government supported by the Left Front.
History
The history of the Indian National Congress falls into two distinct eras:
- The pre-independence era, when the party was at the forefront of the struggle for independence;
- The post-independence era, when the party has enjoyed a prominent place in Indian politics, ruling the country for 47 of the 59 years since independence in 1947.
The pre-independence era
- Main article: Indian National Congress - Freedom Era
Founded in 1885 with the object of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians, the Indian National Congress was initially not opposed to British rule. The Congress met once a year during the Christmas vacation. Indeed, it was a Scotsman, Allan Octavian Hume, who brought about its first meeting in Bombay, with the approval of Lord Dufferin, the then-Viceroy. Later, however, its demands became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the government, and the party became very active in the independence movement. During this period there were two camps in the Congress: the Garam Dal of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, or Extremists (literally "hot faction"), and the Naram Dal of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, or Moderates (literally "soft faction"), distinguished by their attitude towards the British.
After the First World War the party became associated with Mahatma Gandhi, who (although never even a member of the party) remained its unofficial, spiritual leader and mass icon even as younger men and women became party president. The party was in many ways an umbrella organisation, sheltering within itself radical socialists, traditionalists and even Hindu and Muslim conservatives.
The official flag of the Congress during the Independence struggle.
In its time as the nation's leader in the freedom struggle, it produced the nation's greatest leaders. Before the Gandhi Era came leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Mohammed Ali Jinnah (later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan), all starting with the first legendary icon of Indians was Dadabhai Naoroji, the president of the sister Indian National Association and later MP in the House of Commons, the first Indian to win a seat there.
With the rise of Mahatma Gandhi's popularity and his Satyagraha art of revolution came Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (the nation's first Prime Minister), Dr. Rajendra Prasad (the nation's first President), Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, Jivatram Kripalani and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. The Congress under Gandhi's influence became the first integrated mass organization in the country, bringing together millions of people by specifically working against caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic boundaries. Although predominantly Hindu, it had members from virtually every religion, ethnic group, economic class and linguistic group. The Indian National Congress became the true representative of the people. From being an elitist group of educated and pro-British Indians, it became the 15 million-strong leader of the move to independence.
The post-independence era
The party remained in power for thirty continuous years between independence in 1947 and its first taste of electoral defeat (at the national level) in 1977.
Jawaharlal Nehru
Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel are said to have held the view that the INC was formed only for achieving independence and should have been disbanded in 1947. However, at the time of independence, the INC (led by Jawaharlal Nehru) was a major political organization in the country, and was established as the major political party. The Congress thus, considering the perceived need for a stable leadership and guiding vision after the terrible chaos and confusion following the Partition of India and Independence, was re-established as an electoral party in independent India. Across several general elections, the party ruled uninterrupted until 1977, and has remained a major political force.
After the murder of Gandhi in 1948 and the death of Sardar Patel in 1950, Jawaharlal Nehru was the sole remaining iconic national leader, and soon the situation became so that Nehru was key to the political potency and future of the Congress. Nehru embraced secularism, socialist economic policies and a non-aligned foreign policy, which became the hallmark of the modern Congress Party. Nehru's policies challenged the landed class, the business class and improved the position of religious minorities and lower caste Hindus. A generation of freedom fighting leaders were soon replaced by a generation of people who had grown up in the shadow of Nehru. Nehru led the Congress Party to consecutively awesome majorities in the elections of 1952, 1957 and 1962.
After Nehru's death in 1964, the party's future first came into question. No leader was competitive enough to touch Nehru's iconic status, so the second-stage leadership mustered around the compromise candidate, the gentle, soft-spoken and Nehruvian Lal Bahadur Shastri. Shastri remained Prime Minister till his own death in 1966, and a broad Congress Party election opted for Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter, over the right-wing, conservative Morarji Desai.
Indira Gandhi
The first serious challenge to Congress hegemony came in 1967 when a united opposition, under the banner of Samyukt Vidhanayak Dal, won control over several states in the Hindi belt. Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Nehru, and Congress president, was then challenged by the majority of the party leadership. The conflict led to a split, and Indira launched a separate INC. Initially this party was known as Congress (R), but it soon came to be generally known as the New Congress. The official party became known as Indian National Congress (Organisation) led by Kamaraj. It was informally called the Old Congress. As Indira Priyadarshini had control over the state machinery, her faction was recognized as the "real" INC by the Election Commission of India, although her organization was the break-away group.
The split can in some ways be seen as a left-wing/right-wing division. Indira Gandhi wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilise popular support for the party. She raised slogans such as Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty), and wanted to develop closer ties with the Soviet Union. The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood for a more conservative agenda, and distrusted Soviet help. INC(O) later merged into the Janata Party.
Gradually, Indira Gandhi grew more and more authoritarian. Following allegations of widespread rigging in the general elections, a court overturned the Congress' (and thus Indira Gandhi's) majority in Parliament, calling for fresh elections. Facing growing opposition she proclaimed a state of National emergency in 1975, curtailed the powers of the courts, and unleashed a police state with herself as the supreme leader ('acting Prime Minister').
After she lifted the emergency in 1977, more Congress factions were formed, the one remaining loyal to Indira Gandhi being popularly known as Congress(I) with an 'I' for Indira. The Congress (I) was routed in the general elections by the Janata Party. The party was able to return to power in the 1980 elections. In 1984 Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards, as a revenge for the Operation Blue Star. In the following days thousands of Sikhs were killed in riots, especially in Delhi. Many human rights organisations consider that Congress activists played a role in carrying out the 1984 riots[1].
The post-Indira era
Election symbol of the Congress
After Indira, her son Rajiv Gandhi, took over as Congress leader and led the party to a large majority in the 1984 Lok Sabha elections. Congress was defeated in the 1989 general election. Rajiv Gandhi was also assassinated in 1991. Following Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, P.V. Narasimha Rao succeeded him as Congress leader.
The 1990s was a period of prolonged crisis for the Congress. After gradually losing political influence the party asked the widow of Rajiv Gandhi, the Italian-born Sonia Gandhi, to accept the position as Congress President. Refusing in 1991, the Congress stuck with Narasimha Rao and after him, Sitaram Kesri. Although Rao was Prime Minister of a coalition Congress administration from 1991-1996, Kesri led the Congress to a historic low in the 1998 elections. It appeared that the Congress was politically impotent, with no real future. In 1998, Sonia Gandhi is considered by some to have finally saved the Congress from extinction by accepting the presidency of the party.
After the election of Sonia Gandhi as party leader, a section broke away and formed Nationalist Congress Party. Where breakaway factions are active, the use of "Congress (I)" to denote the party run by Indira Gandhi's successors continues. There have been repeated attempts by the Indian nationalist groups (such as the BJP) to discredit Sonia Gandhi's leadership on the basis of her foreign origin. Nonetheless she has emerged as one of the most popular political leaders of India, suggesting that the legacy of the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty is still considered to be a mark of legitimacy for broad sections of the Indian population.
Indian Prime Ministers from the Congress Party
Political accusations
Since the party has dominated the political landscape of India for over a century, there are many charges of corruption and similar charges against it. Some examples are:
- Anti-Sikh riots - After the assassination of Indira Gandhi by Sikh militants following Operation Bluestar, many Congress workers were accused of inciting and participating in anti-Sikh riots. The Congress apologised many years later for its silence on these events.
- Volcker report - The Volcker report the Independent Inquiry Committee (IIC) appointed by the United Nations in its final report released on October 27, 2005 confirms that one of the Beneficiary: India: Congress Party' with an entitlement of 4 million barrels of crude' and `Beneficiary: India: Singh Mr K. Natwar' with an entitlement of 4 million barrels again.
- The right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party has time and again accused the Congress of showing what it calls favoritism to the Indian Muslims and the Dalits at the expense of the upper caste Hindus. Congress has also been accused of showing incessant veneration to the Nehru-Gandhi "dynasty", which was blatant in the 'foreign-born' Sonia Gandhi. But a lot of Indian voters, as shown in the recent elections, have rather conformed to the Congress's view.
Presidents of the Indian National Congress
1885 Bombay- Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
W.C. Bonnerjee
Dadabhai Naoroji
1886 Calcutta- Dadabhai Naoroji 1887 Madras- Badruddin Tyabji 1888 Allahabad- George Yule
George Yule
Pherozeshah Mehta
1889 Bombay- William Wedderburn 1890 Calcutta- Pherozeshah Mehta 1891 Nagpur- P. Ananda Charlu 1892 Allahabad- Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee 1893 Lahore- Dadabhai Naoroji 1894 Madras- Alfred Webb 1895 Poona- Surendranath Banerjea 1896 Calcutta- Rahimtulla M. Sayani 1897 Amraoti- C. Sankaran Nair 1898 Madras- Ananda Mohan Bose 1899 Lucknow- Romesh Chunder Dutt 1900 Lahore- Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar 1901 Calcutta- Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 1902 Ahmedabad- Surendranath Banerjea 1903 Madras- Lalmohan Ghosh 1904 Bombay- Henry Cotton
Gokhale
Henry Cotton
1905 Benares- Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1906 Calcutta -Dadabhai Naoroji 1907 Sura-t Rashbihari Ghosh 1908 Madras-Rashbihari Ghosh 1909 Lahore- Madan Mohan Malaviya 1910 Allahabad- William Wedderburn 1911 Calcutta- Bishan Narayan Dar 1912 Bankipur- Rao Bahadur Raghunath
Narasinha Mudholkar
1913 Karachi- Nawab Syed Mohammad Bahadur 1914 Madras- Bhupendra Nath Bose 1915 Bombay- Satyendra Prasanna Sinha 1916 Lucknow- Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1917 Calcutta- Annie Besant 1918 Bombay- Syed Hasan Imam 1918 Delhi- Madan Mohan Malaviya 1919 Amritsar- Motilal Nehru 1920 Calcutta- Lala Lajpat Rai 1920 Nagpur- C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1921 Ahmedabad- Hakim Ajmal Khan 1922 Gaya- Chittaranjan Das 1923 Cocanada- Maulana Mohammad Ali 1923 Delhi- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1924 Belgaum- Mahatma Gandhi 1925 Kanpur- Sarojini Naidu 1926 Gauhati S. Srinivasa Iyengar 1927 Madras- Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari 1928 Calcutta- Motilal Nehru 1929 Lahore -Jawaharlal Nehru 1931 Karachi Vallabhbhai Patel 1932 Delhi- Madan Mohan Malaviya 1933 Calcutta- Nellie Sen Gupta/Madan Mohan Malaviya 1934 Bombay- Rajendra Prasad 1935 Lucknow- Jawaharlal Nehru 1936 Faizpur- Jawaharlal Nehru 1938 Haripura- Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose
Maulana A.K. Azad
1939 Tripuri- Subhas Chandra Bose 1940 Ramgarh- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1946 Meeru-t J. B. Kripalani 1948 Jaipur- Pattabhi Sitaramayya 1950 Nasik- Purshottam Das Tandon 1951 New Delhi- Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru
Motilal Nehru
1953 Hyderabad- Jawaharlal Nehru 1954 Kalyani- Jawaharlal Nehru 1955 Avadi- (Madras) U. N. Dhebar 1956 Amritsar- U. N. Dhebar 1957 Indore- U. N. Dhebar 1958 Gauhati- U. N. Dhebar 1959 Nagpur- U. N. Dhebar 1960 Bangalore- Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy 1961 Bhavnagar- Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy 1962 Patna- Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy 1964 Bhubaneswar- K. Kamaraj 1965 Durgapur- K. Kamaraj
Pattabhi Sitaramayya
1966 Jaipur- K. Kamaraj 1968 Hyderabad- S. Nijalingappa 1969 Faridabad- S. Nijalingappa 1969 Bombay- Jagjivan Ram 1972 Calcutta -Shankar Dayal Sharma 1975 Chandigarh- Dev Kanta Borooah 1978 New Delhi- Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi
1983 Calcutta- Indira Gandhi 1985 Bombay- Rajiv Gandhi 1992 Tirupati- P. V. Narasimha Rao 1997 Calcutta -Sitaram Kesri Current- Sonia Gandhi
Formation of present Government of India
In the 2004 general elections, the Congress alliance won the largest number of seats and got an assurance of support from the Left Front upsetting the Atal Behari Vajpayee-led National Democratic Alliance, which according to all forecasts was going to coast to victory. Shortly thereafter, Sonia Gandhi was nominated by the Congress-led 19-party alliance to be the next Prime Minister. But in what was described as the dropping of a political bombshell, Sonia Gandhi refused to take the position based on her "inner voice". She backed eminent economist, former Union Finance Minister and senior Congress leader Dr. Manmohan Singh for the post of Prime Minister, and he was sworn-in as Prime Minister on 22 May 2004.
Internal Organization
The organization developed by Gandhi's reorganization of the Congress in the years of 1918 to 1920 has largely been retained till today.
In every Indian state and union territory, there is a Pradesh Congress Committee, which is the state unit of the party, responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels and assisting the campaigns for Parliamentary constituencies. Each PCC has a Working Committee of 10-15 key members, and the state president is the leader of the state unit. The Congressmen elected as members of the states legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies, and their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership.
The All India Congress Committee is formed of delegates sent from the PCCs around the country. The delegates elect various Congress committees, including the Congress Working Committee, which consists of senior party leaders and office bearers, and takes all important executive and political decisions.
The President of the Indian National Congress is in effect the party's national leader, head of the organization, head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman and the Congress choice to become the Prime Minister of India.
Constitutionally, the president is to be elected by the vote of the PCCs and members of the AICC. However, this procedure has often been by-passed by the Working Committee, choosing to elect its own candidate as an emergency measure.
The Congress Parliamentary Party is the group of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Their elected chairperson is the leader of the majority, and supposed to be the Prime Minister. However, there have been notable exceptions.
Former presidents of the Party
See also
