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Franco-Provençal language
(Redirected from Franco-Provençal)
| Franco-Provençal (Patois) |
| Spoken in: |
Italy, Switzerland, France |
| Region: |
Savoie, Bresse, Bugey, Dombes, Beaujolais, Dauphiné, Lyonnais, Franche-Comté, Forez, Suisse-Romande, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Foggia |
| Total speakers: |
77,000 |
| Ranking: |
Endangered language |
| Language family: |
Indo-European
Italic
Romance
Italo-Western
Western
Gallo-Iberian
Gallo-Romance
Gallo-Rhaetian (SIL)
Oïl (SIL)
Southeastern (SIL)
Franco-Provençal |
| Writing system: |
Latin alphabet with diacritical marks |
| Official status |
| Official language of: |
protected by statute in the province of Valle d'Aosta, Italy |
| Regulated by: |
no official regulation |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-1: |
none |
| ISO 639-2: |
roa |
| ISO/DIS 639-3: |
frp |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. |
Franco-Provençal (Francoprovençal) or Arpitan is a Romance language with several dialects in a linguistic sub-group separate from Langue d'Oïl and Langue d'Oc. The name Franco-Provençal was given to the dialect group in the 19th century because it shared features of French and Provençal without belonging to either. Although the name of the language is well established, there is some dissatisfaction with it. The modern name Arpitan has achieved some currency for the language in recent years.
Today, the largest number of Franco-provençal speakers reside in the Aosta Valley Autonomous Region of Italy and rural areas of the Suisse-Romande region of Switzerland. It is classified as a regional language of France and constitutes one of the three great Romance languages of France although its use is rare.
The number of speakers has been declining significantly. It is now considered an endangered language.
Words of Franco-provençal origin that are found in English include:
Definition
Franco-Provençal is a Gallo-Roman variety of neo-Latin, which can be traced back as far as the 13th century. The language region was first identified during advances in lingusitics research during the 19th century. Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829-1907) studied the unique phonetic and structural characteristics of the vernacular, which included numerous spoken dialects, and proposed some dialect boundaries for the region in an article that appeared in 1878. He gave Franco-Provençal its name and placed it between the Langue d'Oïl group of languages (hence, the appellation 'Franco') and the Langue d'Oc group (whence the appellation 'Provençal'). The boundaries, and even the validity of the language group, was debated for much of the following century, but consensus was achieved.
Franco-Provençal is a distinct Romance language, neither French nor Provençal (Occitan). Although the name is misleading, it is the term that continues to be used in most journals for the sake of continuity and to avoid confusion. Some contemporary speakers and writers prefer the name Arpitan because it lacks connotations and underlines its independence without implying a union to other language groups. (Arpitan and the English word "alpine" are derived from the same root.) The language is called "patouès" (patois), "nosta moda", or "sarde" by native speakers.
Although contemporary use of the Franco-provençal language has significantly declined in Italy, Switzerland, and especially in France, it has maintained several lexical forms. The Valdôtain dialect is relatively well protected by a 1979 statute in the Aosta Valley Automous Region (Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta), where it is most widely spoken (estimated 70,000 speakers, total Italy, 1971 census), and has been incorporated into the school curriculum. However, it does not enjoy a special status in the adjacent Province of Turin. An isolated pocket of the language exists in the Province of Foggia (estimated 700 speakers, included in previous figure, 1995). Various dialects are used in rural areas of the cantons of Geneva, Valais, Vaud, Neuchâtel, and Fribourg in Switzerland (estimated 7,000 speakers, 1998), however it is primarily spoken as a second language. (Figures reported by Gordon, see below.)
Franco-provençal dialects have no legal protection in France. It has a low number of speakers although it once was the dominant spoken language in its domain. A 2002 report by the INED (Institut national d’études démographiques; see Héran) states that the language loss by generation, that is, “the proportion of fathers who did not usually speak to their 5-year-old children in the the language that their own father usually spoke in to them at the same age” was 90%. This was a greater loss than any language in France; a loss called “critical.” The report estimates that fewer than (estimated) 15,000 speakers “usually” or “occasionally” passed some knowledge of Franco-provençal to their children.
Franco-Provençal Domain
Map showing the extent of Franco-Provençal (dialectes francoprovençaux)
The historical linguistic territory of Franco-Provençal includes the following areas:
- the major part of Rhône-Alpes and Franche-Comté regions, which includes the following départements: Jura (southern 2/3), Doubs (southern 1/3), Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Isère (except the southern edge), Rhône, Drôme (extreme north), Ardèche (extreme north), Loire, Ain, and Saône-et-Loire (southern edge).
- the Aosta Valley (place name in Franco-provençal (Valdôtain dialect): Val d'Outa; in Italian: Valle d'Aosta; in French: Val d'Aoste), with the exception of the valley of Walser in Gressoney. It also includes the alpine heights of the Piedmont basin, which includes the following communities : Ala di Stura, Alpette, Balme, Cantoira, Carema (Carème), Castagnole Piemonte, Ceres, Ceresole Reale (Cérisoles), Chialamberto (Chalambert), Chianocco (Chanoux), Coassolo, Coazze, Corio, Frassinetto, Germagnano (St-Germain), Giaglione (Jaillons), Giaveno, Gravere (Gravière), Groscavallo, Ingria, Lanzo Torinese (Lans), Lemie, Mattie, Meana di Susa, Mezzenile, Monastero di Lanzo, Noasca, Novalesa (Novalaise), Pessinetto, Pont Canavese, Ronco Canavese, Rubiana, Sparone, Susa (Suse), Traves, Usseglio (Ussel), Valgioie (Valjoie), Valprato Soana (Valpré), Vénaus, Viù (Vieu).
- Note: The southernmost valleys of Piedmont speak Occitan.
History
Historically, the Franco-provençal lingistic region covers three-quarters of the territories controlled the ancient pre-Roman Allobroge. Like all Romance languages, it emerged from Latin roots. Evidence suggests that the language has existed at least since the 13th century, possibly diverging from Langue d'Oïl as early as the 8th or 9th centuries (see Bec).
In succeeding centuries, Langue d'Oïl, on which the modern French was founded, continued to evolve, however, Franco-provençal adhered conservatively to its early linguistic conventions. Modern "patois" continues to reflect medieval terms for certain nouns and verbs, including: pâta for "rag", bayâ for "to give", moussâ for "to lie down", etc. Désormaux, writing on this subject in the foreword of his excellent Savoyard dictionary states: "The antiquated character of the Savoyard patois is striking. One can note it not only in phonetics and morphology, but also in the vocabulary, where one finds numerous words and directions that clearly disappeared from French."
Franco-provençal never rose the level of its three larger neighbors; French, Occitan, and Italian. The internal boundaries of the linguistic domain were shattered by wars and religion conflicts. France, Switzerland, the Franche-Comté (protected by Spain), and the duchy - later kingdom - ruled by the House of Savoy divided the region politically. The strongest possibility for any dialect of Franco-provençal to establish itself major language died when an edict, dated 6 January 1539, was approved by decision in the parlement of the Duchy of Savoy on 4 March 1540. The edict explicitly replaced Latin (and by implication, any other language) with French as the language of civil law and the judiciary (see Grillet, p. 65). Abandonment of vernacular in most regions, which had numerous spoken variations and no standard orthography, in favor of "educated" French explains its further decline.
In 1873 (published in 1878), the linguist Ascoli defined Franco-Provençal in these terms:
- "J'appelle franco-provençal un type linguistique qui réunit, en plus de quelques caractères qui lui sont propre, d'autres caractères dont une partie lui est commune avec le français et dont une autre lui est commune avec le provençal, et qui ne provient pas d'une tardive confluence d'éléments divers, mais au contraire atteste de sa propre indépendance historique, peu différente de celle par lesquelles se distinguent entre eux les autres principaux types romans."
- "I call Franco-Provençal a type of language which brings together, along with some characteristics which are its own, characteristics partly in common with French and partly in common with Provencal, and which are not due to a late confluence of diverse elements, but on the contrary, attests to is own historical independence, little different than those by which the principal Romance languages distinguish themselves from one another."
The language has been somewhat maintained in Val d'Outa (Valle d'Aosta, Val d'Aoste) and in the Dora Baltea valley of Italy for historical and political reasons. Nonetheless, the use of Patois (as Valdôtain speakers themselves call it) is waning. Italian and, to a lesser extent, French continue to become more dominant as one generation of speakers passes to the next. It is precariously maintained in the sparsely populated lateral valleys areas of Aosta (Cogne, Champorcher, Valsavaranche...), although the language has enjoyed a modest revival.
Generally referred to as a dialect in France, Franco-provençal has a low social status. This is the same value that has been assigned to dozens of other regional languages that comprise the linguistic wealth of the country.
Since 2004, Aliance culturèla arpitana (Arpitan Cultural Alliance), an organization founded in Lausanne, Switzerland, has worked to increase the visibilty of Arpitan, promote unified orthographic standards, and publish works in the language.
Literature
The first official texts written in Franco-provençal were acts of notaries and witnesses that appeared in the 13th century as Latin was being abandonned as a common language. Several long sacred texts composed in Lyonnais dialect by Marguerite d'Oingt (ca. 1240 - 1310), a Carthusian prioress, are especially noteworthy. An excerpt from "The Life of the Virgin Saint Beatrice of Ornacieux" in her vernacular follows:
- " § 112 : Quant vit co li diz vicayros que ay o coventavet fayre, ce alyet cela part et en ot mout de dongiers et de travayl, ancis que cil qui gardont lo lua d'Emuet li volissant layssyer co que il demandavet et que li evesques de Valenci o volit commandar. Totes veys yses com Deus o aveyt ordonat oy se fit. "
Religious conflicts in Geneva between Calvinist Reformers and staunch Catholics, supported by the Duchy of Savoy, brought forth many texts in Franco-provençal during the early 17th century. One of the best known was "Cé qu'é lainô" ("The One Above"), which was composed by an unknown writer in 1603. The long narrative poem describes a raid by the Savoyard army that generated patriotic sentiments. It became the unofficial national anthem of the Republic of Geneva. The first three verses follow (in Genevois dialect) with a translation:
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Cé qu'è lainô, le Maitre dé bataille,
Que se moqué et se ri dé canaille;
A bin fai vi, pè on desande nai,
Qu'il étivé patron dé Genevoi.
|
The One above, the Master of the battles,
Who is mocked and laughed at by the rabble,
Made them see well, on a Saturday night,
That He was protector of the Genevese people.
|
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I son vegnu le doze de dessanbro
Pè onna nai asse naire que d'ancro;
Y étivé l'an mil si san et dou,
Qu'i veniron parla ou pou troi tou.
|
They came on the twelfth of December,
On a night as black as ink;
It was the year sixteen-hundred-and-two,
That they speak of, at the earliest (hour).
|
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Pè onna nai qu'étive la pe naire
I veniron; y n'étai pas pè bairè;
Y étivé pè pilli nou maison,
Et no tüa sans aucuna raison.
|
On the blackest night
They came - it was not for drinking -
To plunder our houses,
And to kill us without any reason.
|
Several writers created satirical, moralistic, comic, and theatrical texts during the same period, which indicates the vitality of the language at that time. These include: Bernardin Uchard, author and playwright from Bresse; Brossard de Montaney, composer of carols and comedies from Bresse; Jean Millet, author of pastorals, poems, and comedies from Grenoble; Henri Perrin, comic playwright from Lyon; and Jean Chapelon, a writer who produced of over 1,500 carols, songs, epistles, and essays from Saint-Étienne.
However, "Francification" of the major urban and cultural centers in the region, among them Lyon, Geneva, Chambéry, and Grenoble, kept the written corpus in the Franco-Provençal languages decidedly small.
Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne (1826-1910), abbot, is credited with reestablishing the cultural identity of the Valle d'Aosta with his poetry (including "L'infan predeggo", 1855) and early scholarly studies. (The Concours Cerlogne, an annual event named in his honor, has focused thousands of Italian students on preserving the region's language, literature, and heritage since 1963.)
Amélie ("Amélix") Gex (1835, La Chapelle-Blanche, (Savoie) - 1883, Chambéry), the great Savoyard poet wrote in her native patois, as well as French. She was a passionate advocate for her language. Her literary efforts encompassed lyrical themes, work, love, tragic loss, nature, the passing of time, religion, and politics, and are considered by many to be the most significant contributions to the literature. Her works include: "Reclans de Savoie" (Les Echos de Savoie, 1879), "Lo Cent Ditons de Pierre d’Emo" (Les Cent dictons de Pierre du bon sens, 1879), "Fables" (1898), and "Contio de la Bova" (Les Contes de l’Etable, -date?-). Some of her writings, in French, are still in print.
Those with an interest in seeing a familiar work in this rare language, may want to seek out "Lo Petsou Prince", an authorized edition of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's classic work « Le Petit Prince » ("The Little Prince") by Raymond Vatherin (translator), (Gressan, Aosta: Wesak Editions, 2000), ISBN 88-87719-00-4. The opening lines of part 2 of the tale follow (in Valdôtain dialect):
- "L’y est chouë s-an, dz’ëro restà arrëto pe lo déser ci Sahara. Quaque tsousa se s’ëre rontu dedin lo moteur de mon avion. Et di moman que dz’ayò avouë mè mecanichen, ni passadzë, dze m’apprestavo de tenté, solet, euna reparachon defecila. L’ëre pe mè euna questson de via o de mor. Dz’ayò dzeusto praou d’éve aprë p’euna vouètèina de dzor.
- La premiëre nët dze me si donque indrumi dessu la sabla a pi de meulle vouet cent et cinquante dou kilométre d’un bocon de terra abitàye. Dz’ëro bien pi isolà d’un nofragà dessu euna plata-fourma i menten de l’ocean. Donque imaginade mina surprèisa, a la pouinte di dzò, quan euna drola de petsouda voéce m’at revèillà. I dijet:
- -- Pe plèisi...féi-mè lo dessin d’un maouton tseque !"
Toponyms
The Franco-provençal legacy survives primarily in place names. Many are immediately recognizable, ending in -az, -oz (-otz), -uz, -ax, -ex, -ux, -oux, and -ieux (-ieu). These suffixes indicate the stress syllables (based on a historical orthographic system considered obsolete by modern scholars). The terminal letter is rarely pronounced. For multi-syllabic names, “z” indicates stress on the first syllable, and “x” indicates stress on the last syllable, e.g. Chanaz: "shana", Chênex: "shèné." Examples:
- Ain: Outriaz, Seillonnaz, Ordonnaz, Culoz, Marboz, Contrevoz, Oyonnax, Sonthonnax-la-Montagne, Chevroux, Lescheroux, Jujurieux, Civrieux, Miserieux, Toussieux, Ceyzerieu, Pugieu.
- Doubs: Saraz, Éternoz, Bolandoz, La Cluse-et-Mijoux, Montmahoux.
- Jura: Saffloz, Vertamboz, Morez, Lajoux, Le Vaudioux.
- Savoie: Chanaz, Sonnaz, Motz, Lovettaz, Séez, La Motte-Servolex, Ontex, Verthemex, Avrieux, Ruffieux, Chindrieux.
- Haute-Savoie: La Clusaz, Viuz-en-Sallaz, Marcellaz, Aviernoz, Chevenoz, Charvonnex, Chênex, Seytroux, Combloux.
- Rhône: Jarnioux, Ouroux, Rillieux-la-Pape, Grézieu-la-Varenne, Vénissieux, Meyzieu.
- Loire: La Tour-en-Jarez, Razoux, Chénieux, Ecullieux, Aveizieux.
- Isère: Vernioz, Proveysieux, Ornacieux, Brussieu, Courzieu, Monsteroux-Milieu.
- Genève: Athenaz, Choulex, Onex, Laconnex, Saconnex, Troinex, Certoux.
- Fribourg: La Brillaz, La Sonnaz, Chesopelloz, Neyruz, Pont-en-Ogoz.
- Neuchâtel: Val-de-Ruz, Brot-Plamboz, Le Prevoux, Mutrux.
- Valais: Arbaz, Dorenaz, Nendaz, Verossaz, Mazembroz, Vetroz, Nax, Bex, Mex, Vex, Massongex.
- Vaud: Saubraz, Cerniaz, Penthaz, Tolochenaz, Cheserex, Trelex, Paudex.
- Valle d'Aosta: Bionaz, Runaz, Lillaz, Cherolinaz, Dzovennoz, Echevennoz, Morgex.
Franco-Provençal Dialect List
Classifications of dialect divisions are extremely difficult. Every canton and valley uses its own vernacular without standardization. Difficult intelligibility among dialects was noted as early as 1807 by Jean-Louis Grillet (cited below). However, regional similarities exist.
Grammar
Overview
Franco-provençale has grammar similar to that of other Romance languages.
- The language has three forms of articles: definite, indefinite, and partitive. The partitive article is similar to the indefinite article, but is used for uncountable nouns. Articles and determiners, agree in gender with the noun they reference.
- All Franco-provençal nouns are inflected by gender, masculine or feminine. Inflection by number (singular and plural) is clear is feminine nouns, but not masculine nouns, where pronunciation is generally identical for those ending with a vowel.
- Note: Modern orthographers of the language have added an “s” to all plural nouns, which is not reflected in speech, to assist comprehension of written words, e.g.,
- codo (masculine singular) pronounced: ( kodou ),
- codos (masculine plural) pronounced ( kodou ),
- pôrta (feminine singular) pronounced ( pourta ),
- pôrtas (feminine singular) prounounced ( pôrté, pôrtè ).
- Pronouns agree in person, number, gender, and case. Although the subject pronoun is generally retained, Franco-provençal - unlike French or English - is a pro-drop ("pronoun-dropping") language, especially in first-person singular. Masculine and feminine third-person singular pronouns are notable for the extremely wide variation in pronunciation from region to region. Impersonal verbs (e.g., brolyassier, pluvinyer — to rain lightly) take the neuter pronoun "o" (analogous to English "it").
- Adjective agrees in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Adverbs are invariable; that is, they are not inflected unlike nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
- Franco-provençal has three verbal conjugations, two of which are further split into subgroups. Each conjugation is different, formed by isolating the verb stem and adding an ending determined by mood, tense, voice, and number. Verbs are inflected in four moods: (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and conditional, and two impersonal moods: (infinitive and participle), which includes verbal adjectives.
Word Comparisons
Comparison of words in Franco-provençal to those in selected Romance languages, with English for reference.
| Latin |
Franco-Provençal |
French |
Occitan |
Italian |
English |
| clavis |
clâ |
clef / clé |
clau |
chiave |
key |
| nox, noctis |
nuet |
nuit |
nuèit / nuèch |
notte |
night |
| cantare |
chantar |
chanter |
cantar |
cantare |
to sing |
| capra |
cabra / chiévra |
chèvre |
cabra |
capra |
goat |
| lingua |
lenga |
langue |
lenga / lengua |
lingua |
language |
| platea |
place |
place |
plaça |
piazza |
plaza |
| ecclesia |
églésé |
église |
glèisa |
chiesa |
church |
| caseus (formaticum) |
tôma / fromâjo |
fromage |
formatge |
formaggio |
cheese |
Numbers
Franco-provençal uses a decimal counting system, like English. However, a few dialects use the vigesimal (base-20) form of the word for “80”, i.e. quatro-vingt, due to the influence of French, rather of than huitanta.
Examples
Several modern orthographic variations exist for all dialects of the language. The Franco-provençal spellings listed below appear in the works of Jean-Baptiste Martin cited in the bibliography, as do the French phonetic equivalents for the Savoyard and Bressan dialects that appear in the last two columns.
| English |
Franco-Provençal |
Savoyard dialect |
Bressan dialect |
| Hello! |
Bonjor ! |
( bonzhou ) |
( bonzheu ) |
| Good evening! |
Bôna nuet ! |
( bouna né ) |
( buna na ) |
| Goodbye! |
A revêr ! |
( a rvi) |
( a reva ) |
| Yes |
Ouè |
( ouè ) |
( ouè ) |
| No |
Nan |
( na) |
( non ) |
| Maybe |
T-èpêr / Pôt-étre |
( tèpè ) |
( petétre ) |
| Please |
S'el vos plét |
( s'i vo plé ) |
( s'é vo plè ) |
| Thank you! |
Grant marci ! |
( gran masi ) |
( gran marsi ) |
| A man |
On homo |
( on omo ) |
( ïn oumou ) |
| A woman |
Na fena |
( na fena ) |
( na fèna ) |
| The clock |
Lo relojo |
( lo relozho ) |
( lo relodzou ) |
| The clocks |
Los relojos |
( lou relozho ) |
( lou relodzou ) |
| The rose |
La rousa |
( la rouza ) |
( la rouza ) |
| The roses |
Les rouses |
( lè rouzè ) |
( lè rouzé ) |
| He is eating. |
Il menge. |
( il minjè ) |
( il minjè ) |
| She is singing. |
Le chante. |
( le chantè ) |
( èl chantè ) |
| It is raining. |
O pluvinye. |
( ou plovenye ) |
|
| It is raining. |
O brolyasse. |
|
( ou brolyasse ) |
| What is your name? |
Tè que vos éds niom ? |
( tè k voz i nyon ? ) |
|
| What is your name? |
Coment que vos vos apelâds ? |
|
( kem è ke vou vou apalo ? ) |
| I am happy to see you. |
Je su bonéso de vos vér. |
( je sè bounéze de vo vi ) |
|
| I am happy to see you. |
Je su content de vos vére. |
|
( zhe si kontè de vou va ) |
| What time is it? |
Quint' hora est ? |
( kint eura y è ? ) |
|
| What time is it? |
Quâl' hora qu'el est ? |
|
( tyél ozha y'e ? ) |
| It is 6:30. |
El est siéx hores et demi. |
( y è siz eure é demi ) |
|
| It is 6:30. |
El est siéx hores demi. |
|
( èy e sij ozhe demi ) |
| Do you speak Patois? |
Prègiéds-vos patouès ? |
( prezhi-vo patoué ? ) |
|
| Do you speak Patois? |
Côsâds-vos patouès ? |
|
( kojo-vou patoua ? ) |
Note: The orthography used by Martin conforms to Orthographe de référence B (ORB) proposed by linguist Dominique Stich in her dictionary published by Éditions Le Carré. This is an emendation of her previous work published by Éditions l'Harmattan.
Bibliography
- Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia. "Schizzi franco-provenzali", Archivio glottologico italiano. III (1878). pp. 61-120.
- Bec, Pierre. Manuel pratique de philologie romane, Tome 2. (Paris: Picard, 1971), ébauche, p. 357 et seq., a philological analysis of Franco-Provençal. The Alpine dialects have been particularly studied.
- Bessat, Hubert & Germi, Claudette. Les mots de la montagne autour du Mont-Blanc. (Grenoble: Ellug, 1991).
- Bessat, Hubert & Germi, Claudette. Les noms du patrimoine alpin: Atlas toponymique II - Savoie, Vallée d'Aoste, Dauphiné, Provence. (Grenoble: Ellug, 2004).
- Cerlogne, (Abbé) Jean-Baptiste. Dictionnaire du patois valdôtain, précédé de la petite grammaire. Aoste: Imprimérie Catholique, 1907. (Geneva: Slatkine Reprints, 1971 reprint; Aoste: Le Château Edizioni, 1995 reprint).
- Cerlogne, (Abbé) Jean-Baptiste. Lo tzemin de fer: poésie en dialecte valdoten. Aosta, 1886. (1986, reprint).
- Constantin, Aimé & Désormaux, Joseph. Dictionnaire savoyard. Annecy: Société florimontane, 1902; first edition. (Genève: éditions Slatkine, 1973; Marseille: Editions Jeanne Laffitte, 1982; reprints).
- Dauzat, Albert & Rostaing, Charles. Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France. Second edition. (Paris: Librairie Guénégaud, 1984).
- Duch, Célestin & Bejean, Henri. Le patois de Tignes. (Grenoble: Ellug, 1998).
- Duraffour, Antonin. Glossaire des patois francoprovençaux. (Paris: CNRS Editions, 1969).
- Escoffier, Simone. "La rencontre de la langue d'Oïl, de la lange d'Oc, et de francoprovençal entre Loire et Allier". Publications de l'Institut linguistique romane de Lyon. XI (1958).
- Simone Escoffier and Anne-Marie Vurpas, Textes littéraires en dialecte lyonnaise, (Paris: CNRS Editions, 1981).
- Gex, Amélie; Terreaux, Louis (introduction). Contes et chansons populaires de Savoie. (Aubenas: Curandera, 1986).
- Gex, Amélie. Vieilles gens et vieilles choses, histoires : ma rue et mon village. Chambéry, 1924. (Marseille: Editions Jeanne Laffitte, 1999 reprint).
- Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (editor). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Fifteenth edition. (Dallas: SIL International, 2005). Online version: Ethnologue .
- Grillet, Jean-Louis. Dictionnaire historique, littéraire et statistique des départements du Mont-Blanc et du Léman. (Chambéry: Libraire J.F. Puthod, 1807).
- Harietta, Jozé. La lingua arpitana. (Aoste, 1976).
- Héran, François; Filhon, Alexandra; & Deprez, Christine. "Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century." Population & Sociétés. No. 376, February 2002. (Paris: INED-Institut national d’études démographiques). ISSN 0184-77-83. Monthly newsletter in English. see: INED
- Humbert, Jean. Nouveau Glossaire genevois. Geneva, 1852. (Genève: Slatkine Reprints, 1983 reprint).
- Jochnowitz, George. Dialect Boundaries and the Question of Franco-Provençal. (Paris and The Hague: Mouton & Co. N.V., 1973).
- Lobeck, Konrad. "Die französisch-frankoprovenzalische Dialektgrenze zwischen Jura und Saône". Romanica helvetica. XXIII (1945).
- Martin, Jean-Baptiste & Tuaillon, Gaston. Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Jura et des Alpes du nord (Francoprovençal Central) : La maison, l'homme, la morphologie. Volume III of series. (Paris: CNRS Editions, 1999). Gaston Tuaillon is also the author of numerous articles and monographs (cf. Savoyard).
- Martin, Jean-Baptiste. Le Francoprovençal de poche. Assimil évasion series. (Chennevières-sur-Marne: Assimil, 2005).
- Minichelli, Vincenzo; Telmon, Tullio (introduction). Dizionario francoprovenzale di Celle di San Vito e Faeto. Second edition. (Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso s.r.l., 1994).
- Singy, Pascal & Simonek, Stefan. Le français parlé dans le domaine francoprovençal: une realité plurinationale. (Bern and New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2002).
- Stich, Dominique. Dictionnaire francoprovençal / français, français / francoprovençal. (Thonon-les-Bains: Éditions Le Carré, 2003).
- Stich, Dominique. Parlons francoprovençal : Une langue méconnu. (Paris: Éditions l'Harmattan, 1998).
- Tuallion, Gaston. La litterature en francoprovencal avant 1700. (Grenoble: Ellug, 2002).
- Vatherin, Raymond. Nouveau Dictionnaire de Patois valdôtain. français / patois. (Aoste: Musumeci, SpA, 1984).
- Vurpas, Anne-Marie & Michel, Claude. Noms de lieux de l´Ain. (Paris: Éditions Bonneton, 1999).
- Some writings in Valdôtain dialect have been collected in the book: Tobie de Brissogne, (Quart, Aosta: Musumeci, SpA).
See also
See also
External links
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