Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born July 14, 1913) was the 40th (1973–1974) Vice President and the 38th (1974–1977) President of the United States. Born Leslie Lynch King, Jr. in Omaha, Nebraska, his parents divorced when he was two years old. Ford was renamed when his mother moved to Michigan and remarried; in addition, his step-father, Gerald R. Ford, Sr., informally adopted him. Ford obtained his bachelors degree from the University of Michigan, where he was a star football player. He then went on to obtain a law degree from Yale University before serving in the United States Navy during World War II.
In 1948, Republican Ford was elected to the United States House of Representatives representing Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was elected House Minority Leader in 1963 and served in the House until 1973. When Spiro Agnew resigned, Ford was appointed Vice President of the United States. Ford ascended to the presidency on August 9, 1974 following the resignation of Richard Nixon; his administration saw the final pull out of American forces from Vietnam, the execution of the Helsinki Accords and the continuing threat of inflation and recession. After being excoriated by many for granting a pardon to Nixon for his involvement in the Watergate Scandal, Democrat Jimmy Carter defeated Ford in the 1976 presidential race. Ford was the nation's first President who was elected to neither the Presidency nor Vice Presidency. Along with his own Vice President, Nelson Rockefeller, he is one of only two people to have been appointed Vice President rather than elected.
Early life
Ford with his pet
boxer, 1916
Ford was born to Leslie Lynch King and Dorothy Ayer Gardner in Omaha, Nebraska and was originally named Leslie Lynch King, Jr. His parents divorced two years after he was born, and two years later his mother remarried Gerald Ford, Sr., after whom he was named despite never being formally adopted. Raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Ford was not aware of his adoption until shortly before turning fifteen. "My stepfather was a magnificent person," Ford stated, "and my mother equally wonderful. So I couldn't have written a better prescription for a superb family upbringing." [1]
Ford joined the Boy Scouts and attained that program's highest rank: Eagle Scout. He always regarded this as one of his proudest accomplishments even after attaining the White House. [2] In subsequent years, Ford received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He attended school locally and was a star athlete, rising to the become captain of his high school football team and attracting the attention of college recruiters.[3]
Attending the University of Michigan as an undergraduate, Ford became the center for the school's football team and helped lead the Wolverines to undefeated seasons in 1932 and 1933. His number 48 jersey has since been retired by the school. A member of the Michigamua secret society, Ford turned down contract offers from the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers of the National Football League following his graduation in 1934 in order to attend law school. [4]
| "I'm a Ford, not a Lincoln." |
| Gerald R. Ford, December 1973 [5] |
While attending Yale Law School he joined a group of students led by R. Douglas Stuart, Jr. and signed a petition to enforce the 1939 Neutrality Act. The petition was circulated nationally and was the inspiration for America First, a group determined to keep America out of World War II.[6] Ford's position on American involvement in the war would soon change.
Ford graduated from law school in 1941 and was admitted to the Michigan bar shortly thereafter. Before he could commence a law practice, though, overseas developments caused a change in plans. Like others, Ford responded to the attack on Pearl Harbor and joined the military. [7]
World War II
In April 1942 Ford joined the U.S. Naval Reserve, receiving a commission as an ensign. After an orientation program at Annapolis, he became a physical fitness instructor at a pre-flight school in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. In the spring of 1943 he began service in the light aircraft carrier USS Monterey as athletic director and gunnery division officer. Eventually promoted to assistant navigator on the Monterey, he and the ship took part in most of the major operations in the South Pacific, including Truk, Saipan, and in the Philippines. Ford's closest call with death came not as a result of enemy fire, however, but during a vicious typhoon in the Philippine Sea in December 1944. Ford spent the remainder of the war ashore and was discharged as a lieutenant commander in February 1946.[8] As President, he would go on to pardon Iva Toguri D'Aquino, known as "Tokyo Rose," from her treason conviction for broadcasting propaganda to Allied forces during the war. [9]
Marriage and family
On October 15, 1948 Ford married Betty Bloomer Warren at Grace Episcopal Church, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. This was Mrs. Ford's second marriage. In 1947 she had divorced Michael Warren on the grounds of incompatability. The Fords had four children: Michael Ford (b. 1950) a minister, John "Jack" Ford (b. 1952) a journalist/public relations consultant, Steven Ford (b. 1956) an actor and rodeo rider[10] and Susan (Ford) Vance Bales (b. 1957) a photographer.
In the presidential years and afterwards, Mrs. Ford was noted for her outspokeness on topics, including pre-marital sex and the Equal Rights Amendment. This was in sharp contrast to most previous First Ladies, particulary her immediate predecessor, the reticent Pat Nixon. Mrs. Ford publicly battled breast cancer during her husband's presidency. After he left office, her battle with alcoholism and addiction was discussed prominently in the media as well as her support in opening the Betty Ford Center in Rancho Mirage, California.[11]
House of Representatives
Following Ford's return from the war, a political career loomed in his native Grand Rapids as supporters urged him in 1948 to take on the incumbent Republican congressman. Ford had changed his worldview as a result of his military service; "I came back a converted internationalist," Ford stated, "and of course our congressman at that time [Bartel J. Jonkman] was an avowed, dedicated isolationist. And I thought he ought to be replaced. Nobody thought I could win. I ended up winning two to one." [1]
During his first campaign, Ford visited farmers and promised he would work on their farms and milk the cows if elected — a promise he fulfilled. [12] Ford won an award in 1961 from the House membership as a "Congressman's Congressman" that praised his committee work on military budgets. [13]
Ford was a member of the House of Representatives for twenty-four years, representing his Grand Rapids congressional district from 1949 to 1973. In 1963, party members elected him Minority Leader of the Republican Party in the House. During his tenure, Lyndon Johnson appointed Ford to the Warren Commission, a special task force set up to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The Commission's conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone in killing the President remains a great source of controversy to this day.
During the eight years (1965–1973) he served as Minority Leader, Ford won many friends in the House due to his fair leadership and inoffensive personality. [13] He often attacked the "Great Society" programs of President Lyndon Johnson as unneeded or wasteful. As minority leader in the house, Ford appeared in a popular series of televised press conferences with famed Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen. The two men proposed Republican alternatives to President Johnson's policies. Many in the press jokingly called this "The Ev and Jerry Show". [14] Ford also led the effort to impeach William O. Douglas, a Justice on the United States Supreme Court. Douglas's later retirement in 1975 following a stroke would allow Ford his sole Supreme Court appointment. [15]
Vice Presidency
After Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned during Richard Nixon's presidency, Nixon nominated Ford to take Agnew's position on October 10, 1973. This was the first time that the 25th Amendment was applied. The United States Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm Ford on November 27, 1973, and on December 6, 1973 the House confirmed him 387 to 35.
| "I have not sought this enormous responsibility, but I will not shirk it. Those who nominated and confirmed me as Vice President were my friends and are my friends. They were of both parties, elected by all the people and acting under the Constitution in their name. It is only fitting then that I should pledge to them and to you that I will be the President of all the people." |
| Gerald R. Ford, August 9, 1974 [5] |
The Watergate investigation continued following Ford's appointment until Nixon's chief of staff, Alexander Haig, contacted Ford on August 1, 1974 and told him that "smoking gun" evidence would be emerging. The evidence left little doubt that President Nixon had been a part of the Watergate cover-up. Ford at the time was continuing to reside in the same home he had as a congressman and was waiting on repairs before moving to the Vice President's official residence at the U.S. Naval Observatory. "Al Haig [asked] to come over and see me," Ford said, "to tell me that there would be a new tape released on a Monday, and he said the evidence in there was devastating and there would probably be either an impeachment or a resignation. And he said, 'I'm just warning you that you've got to be prepared, that things might change dramatically and you could become president.' And I said, 'Betty [Ford, his wife], I don't think we're ever going to live in the vice president's house.'" [1]
Presidency, 1974-1977
Accession
Vice President Ford is sworn in as the 38th President of the United States by Chief Justice
Warren Burger as
Mrs. Ford looks on.
When Nixon resigned in the wake of the Watergate scandal on August 9, 1974, Ford assumed the Presidency under the 25th Amendment. At his first address to the joint session of Congress, he proclaimed to much applause that "our long national nightmare is over." [16] On August 20 Ford nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to fill the Vice Presidency he had vacated, once more under the 25th Amendment. Rockefeller was confirmed by the House and Senate. [17]
Nixon pardon
On September 8, 1974, Ford gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he may have committed while President. [18] In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country and that the Nixon family's situation "is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must." [19] At the same time as he announced the Nixon pardon, Ford introduced a conditional amnesty program for Vietnam war draft dodgers who had fled to countries such as Canada. [20] Unconditional amnesty, however, would have to wait until the Jimmy Carter presidency. [21]
The Nixon pardon was highly controversial. Critics derided the pardon and claimed a "corrupt bargain" had been struck between the men. [3] They claimed Ford's pardon was quid pro quo in exchange for Nixon's resignation that elevated Ford to the Presidency. Despite this, no evidence of any collusion has ever surfaced, and Ford himself has consistently denied having ever discussed the matter with Nixon, either before or after the fact. [22] Historians believe the controversy was one of the major reasons Ford lost the election in 1976. [22]
Administration and Presidential Cabinet
Gerald Ford meets with his
Cabinet.
Upon assuming office, Ford inherited the Cabinet Nixon selected during his tenure in office. Over the course of Ford's relatively brief administration, only Henry Kissinger, the Secretary of State, and William Simon, the Secretary of the Treasury, would remain. Ford also appointed William Coleman as Secretary of Transportation, the second African American to serve in a presidential cabinet (after Robert Clifton Weaver) and the first appointed in a Repubican administration. [23]
Ford also appointed George H.W. Bush to be both Ambassador to the People's Republic of China in 1974 and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in 1975. [24] Additionally, Ford would select young Wyoming native Richard Cheney to be his White House Chief of Staff and later as campaign manager for Ford's 1976 presidential campaign. [25]
Midterm elections
Ford was confronted with congressional midterm elections that took place less than three months after assuming office in August 1974. Occurring in the wake of the Watergate scandal, the Democratic Party was able to turn voter dissatisfaction into large gains in the House election, taking 49 seats from the Republican Party and increasing their majority to 291 of the 435 seats. In the senate election, the Democratic majority became 70 in the 100 seat body.[26] In both houses, the numbers were above the two-thirds mark required to sustain a presidential veto and the 94th Congress overrode the highest percentage of vetoes since Franklin Pierce was president in the 1850s.[27]
Economy and domestic policy
The economy was a great concern during the Ford administration. In response to rising inflation, Ford went before the American public in October 1974 and asked them to "whip inflation now." As part of this program, he urged people to wear "WIN" buttons. [28] In hindsight, this was viewed as simply a public relations gimmick without offering any effective means of solving the underlying problems.[29] At the time inflation was around 7%,[30] high enough to discourage investment and push capital overseas and into government bonds.[31]
The economic focus began to change as the country sank into a mild recession, and in March 1975, Ford and Congress signed into law income tax rebates as part of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975 to help boost the economy. When New York City faced budget problems in 1975, then-Mayor Abe Beame was unsuccessful in obtaining Ford's support for a federal bailout. The incident prompted the New York Daily News's notable headline: "Ford to city: drop dead."[32]
Similar to the more recent Bird flu concerns, Ford was confronted with a potential Swine flu pandemic. Sometime in the early 1970s, an influenza strain H1N1 shifted from a form of flu that affected pigs and crossed over to humans. On February 5, 1976 an army recruit at Fort Dix said he felt tired and weak. The next day he died and four fellow soldiers were hospitalized. Health officials announced that swine flu was the cause. Public health officials in the Ford administration urged every person in the United States be vaccinated. [33] The vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems but some 24% of the population was vaccinated by the time the program was cancelled. The vaccine was blamed for twenty-five deaths; more people died from the shots than died from the swine flu itself. [34]
Foreign policy
Ford's presidency was particularly notable insofar as his administration saw the final withdrawal of American personnel from Vietnam in 'Operation Frequent Wind' and the subsequent fall of Saigon. On April 29 and the morning of April 30, 1975, the American embassy in Saigon was evacuated, amidst a chaotic scene. Some 1,373 U.S. citizens and 5,595 Vietnamese and third country nationals were evacuated by military and Air America helicopters to U.S. Navy ships off-shore.
From the prior administration, Ford inherited the on-going détente with both the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, building relationships with the two communist countries who had been in a mutually antagonistic relationship with each other for many years. Still in place from the Nixon administration was the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty [35] and the thawing relationship brought about by Nixon's visit to China and reinforced by Ford's December 1975 visit to the communist country. [36] In 1975, the administration entered into the Helsinki Accords with the Soviet Union, creating the framework of the Helsinki Watch, an independent NGO created to monitor compliance that later evolved into Human Rights Watch. [37]
Ford also faced a foreign policy crisis with the Mayaguez Incident. In May 1975, shortly after the Khmer Rouge took power in Cambodia, Cambodians seized the American merchant ship Mayaguez in international waters. Ford dispatched Marines to rescue the crew, but the Marines landed on the wrong island and met unexpectedly stiff resistance just as, unknown to the U.S., the Mayaguez sailors were being released. In all phases of the operation, fifty servicemen were wounded and forty-one killed, including three men believed to have been left behind alive and subsequently executed and twenty-three Air Force personnel killed earlier while en route to the staging area in Thailand. It is believed that approximately sixty Khmer Rouge soldiers were killed out of a land and sea force of about 300. [38]
Assassination attempts
While in Sacramento, California on September 5, 1975, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, pointed a Colt .45-caliber handgun at Ford and pulled the trigger. However, the gun jammed and Fromme was taken into custody; she was later convicted of attempted assassination of the president and was sentenced to a life term.[39]
Seventeen days later, another woman — Sara Jane Moore — also tried to kill Ford in San Francisco, but her shooting attempt was thwarted by a bystander. No one was injured when Moore fired her gun.[40] Moore also received a life sentence in prison.
Supreme Court appointments
In 1975, Ford appointed John Paul Stevens as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Stevens had been a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, appointed by President Nixon and was nominated as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in 1975 to replace retiring Justice William O. Douglas.[41] As noted above, during his tenure as House Republican leader, Ford had led efforts to have Douglas impeached. His replacement, Justice Stevens, later disappointed conservatives by joining the Court's liberal wing.[42]
1976 Presidential election
- Main article: United States presidential election, 1976
Ford reluctantly agreed to stand for election in 1976 and first had to counter a challenge for the Republican party nomination. Ronald Reagan and the party's conservative wing faulted Ford for failing to do more in South Vietnam, the signing of the Helsinki Accords and for negotiating to cede the Panama Canal. Reagan launched his campaign in the autumn of 1975 and won several primaries before he withdrew from the race at the Republican Convention in Kansas City. The conservative insurgency did convince Ford to drop the more liberal Vice President Nelson Rockefeller in favor of Kansas Senator Bob Dole.[43]
In addition to the pardon dispute, Ford had to counter a plethora of negative media imagery. In addition to lingering suspicions over the Nixon pardon, Chevy Chase often did pratfalls on Saturday Night Live, imitating Ford who had been seen stumbling on two occasions during his term. As Chase commented, "He even mentioned in his own autobiography it had an effect over a period of time that affected the election to some degree."[44] Despite the stumbles, Ford was considered one of the most athletic presidents in U.S. history.
Democratic nominee and former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter campaigned as an outsider and reformer; he gained support from voters dismayed by the Watergate Scandal. Carter led consistently in the polls, as Ford was never able to shake voter dissatisfaction following Watergate and the Nixon pardon.
| "For myself and for our Nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land." |
| Jimmy Carter, January 20, 1977 [45] |
Presidential debates had been reintroduced for the first time since the 1960 election. While Ford was seen as the winner of the first debate, during the second debate he inexplicably blundered when he stated, "There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and there never will be under a Ford administration." Ford also said that he did not "believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union."[46]
In the end, Carter narrowly won the election, polling 50.1% of the popular vote and 297 electoral votes compared with 48.0% and 240 electoral votes for Ford. Had Ford won the election, the provisions of the 22nd amendment would have disqualified him from running in 1980 since he served more than two years of Nixon's term.
Post-Presidential years
The pardon controversy eventually subsided, and Ford now is widely regarded as being largely responsible for restoring the American public's faith and confidence in their political system.[22] Ford's successor, Jimmy Carter, opened his 1977 inaugural address by praising the outgoing President.[45]
Ford remained relatively active as a former President, and during his post-Presidential years he continued to make appearances at events of historical and ceremonial significance to the nation, such as Presidential inaugurals and memorial services. In 1981 he opened the Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and the Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan. [47] In 1999, Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton. [48] In 2001, he was presented with the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America was experiencing over Watergate. [49]
Ford has experienced a few health problems in the last few years. He suffered two minor strokes at the 2000 Republican National Convention, but made a quick recovery. [50] In January 2006, he spent 11 days at the Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage, California, for treatment of pneumonia. [51] Since the death of Ronald Reagan on June 5, 2004, Ford has been the oldest living former President. He is one of two U.S. Presidents to live to the age of 92 years, and the second longest-lived President in U.S. history, behind Reagan's record of 93 years 120 days. If Ford lives through November 11, 2006, he will become the longest-lived President of all time. He also has the second longest retirement among Presidents at 29 years, behind Herbert Hoover's record of 31, which Ford would surpass if he lives until 2008.
Notes
- ↑ a b c American Presidents, History: Gerald R. Ford , accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Gerald R. Ford - Boy Scouts of America, Report to the Nation, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ a b "Healing the Nation" Philip Kunhardt Jr., et. al. {1999). The American President, pp. 79-85
- ↑ Gerald R. Ford Biography - Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ a b Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum
- ↑ Doenecke, Justus D., (1990). In Danger Undaunted: The Anti-Interventionist Movement of 1940-1941 As Revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee (Hoover Archival Documentaries), p. 7. Hoover Institution Press
- ↑ Lieutenant Commander Gerald Ford, USNR - Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy, July 13, 2005
- ↑ Gerald R. Ford Biography - Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Women's History: Iva Ikuko Toguri D'Aquino - About.com, accessed March 19, 2006
- ↑ IMDB listing for Steven Ford, Internet Movie Database accessed March 19, 2006
- ↑ Betty Ford Biography - Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Barn razing erases vintage landmark - Melissa Kruse, The Grand Rapids Press, pg. D1, January 3, 2003
- ↑ a b Gerald R. Ford (1913-) - From Revolution to Reconstruction - an .HTML project, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Address by President Gerald R. Ford, May 23, 2001 - transcript, United States Senate
- ↑ Gerald Ford's Remarks on the Impeachment of Supreme Court Justice William Douglas, April 15, 1970 - Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Remarks By President Gerald Ford On Taking the Oath Of Office As President - August 9, 1974
- ↑ Rockefeller, Nelson Aldrich, (1908 - 1979) - Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- ↑ President Gerald R. Ford's Proclamation 4311, Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon - Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Gerald R. Ford Pardoning Richard Nixon - The Histor Place, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ The Pardoning President - Paul Bacon, PBS, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Carter's Pardon - MacNeil/Lehrer Report, PBS, January 21, 1977
- ↑ a b c Gerald R. Ford - James Cannon, Character Above All, PBS, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Secretary of Transportation: William T. Coleman Jr. (1975 - 1977) - AmericanPresident.org, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ George Herbert Walker Bush - profile, CNN, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Richard B. Cheney - United States Department of Defense, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Nixon’s Fall and the Ford and Carter Interregnum - Russell D. Renka, Southeast Missouri State University, April 10, 2003
- ↑ Presidential Vetoes - Office of the Clerk, United States House of Representatives, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Transcript - Whip Inflation Now - October 8, 1974, Miller Center of Public Affairs
- ↑ Gerald Ford - USA Presidents Info, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Consumer Price Index, 1913-, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Customer Support Discussion Confirmation, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Rhetorical Bankruptcy - Nick Lemann, The Harvard Crimson, November 8, 1975
- ↑ Pandemic Pointers - Living on Earth, March 3, 2006
- ↑ 1976: Fear of a great plague - Paul Mickle, The Trentonian, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, Houghton Mifflin, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Trip to China - Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum
- ↑ About Human Rights Watch - Human Rights Watch, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Capture and Release of SS Mayaguez by Khmer Rouge forces in May 1975 - United States Marine Merchants, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ 'Squeaky' up for parole - Janet McLaren, New York Daily News, June 26, 2005
- ↑ An Unlikely Assassin: Sara Jane Moore and the Plot to Kill the President - Geri Spieler, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ John Paul Stevens -Oyez, United States Supreme Court multimedia, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ The Conservative Persuasion - Christopher Levenick, The Daily Standard, September 29, 2005
- ↑ Another Loss For the Gipper - Time Magazine, March 29, 1976
- ↑ VH1 News Presents: Politics: A Pop Culture History Premiering Wednesday, October 20 at 10:00 PM (ET/PT) - PRNewswire, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ a b Jimmy Carter, Inaugural address - January 20, 1977, transcript from Seattle University
- ↑ 1976 Presidential Debates - CNN, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ All-Star Celebration Opening the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum - IMDB, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ Politicians Who Received the Medal of Freedom - PoliticalGraveyard.com, accessed March 18, 2006
- ↑ President Gerald Ford and Congressman John Lewis Honored as Profiles in Courage - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Summer 2001
- ↑ Gerald Ford recovering after strokes - BBC, August 2, 2000
- ↑ Gerald Ford hospitalized with pneumonia - Associated Press, January 17, 206
Bibliography
- Ford, Gerald R. (1987). Humor and the Presidency. ISBN 0877959188.
- Ford, Gerald R. (1965). Portrait of the assassin (Lee Harvey Oswald). ASIN: B0006BMZM4.
- Ford, Gerald R. (1994). Presidential Perspectives from the National Archives. ISBN 1880875047.
- Ford, Gerald R. (1973). Selected Speeches. ISBN 0879480297.
- Ford, Gerald R. (1979). A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford. ISBN 0060112972.
References
Personal memoirs and official biographies
- Cannon, James (1993). Time and Chance: Gerald R. Ford's Appointment with History. ISBN 0472084828.
- Ford, Betty (1978). The Times of My Life. ISBN 0060112980.
Administration officials' publications
- Casserly, John J. (1977). The Ford White House: Diary of a Speechwriter. ISBN 0870811061.
- Coyne, John R. (1979). Fall in and Cheer. ISBN 0385111193.
- Kenneth W. Thompson (ed.) (1980). The Ford Presidency: Twenty-Two Intimate Perspectives of Gerald Ford. ISBN 0819169609.
- Hartmann, Robert T. (1980). Palace Politics: An Insider's Account of the Ford Years. ISBN 0070269513.
- Hersey, John (1980). Aspects of the Presidency: Truman and Ford in Office (The President: A Minute-by-Minute Account of a Week in the Life of Gerald Ford). ISBN.
- Kissinger, Henry A. (1999). Years of Renewal. ISBN 0684855720.
Outside sources
- Firestone, Bernard J. and Alexej Ugrinsky (eds) (1992). Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America. ISBN 0313280096.
- Greene, John Robert (1992). The Limits of Power: The Nixon and Ford Administrations. ISBN 0253326370.
- Greene, John Robert (1995). The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford. ISBN 0700606394.
- Mieczkowski, Yanek (2005). Gerald Ford And The Challenges Of The 1970s. ISBN 0813123496.
See also
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