The Territory of Guam (Guåhån in Chamorro) is an island in the Western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated territory of the United States. Its inhabitants are largely Chamorros, who first populated the island approximately 3,500 years ago. It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands. The capital is Hagåtña, formerly Agana (pronounced Agaña). Guam's economy is mainly supported by tourism (particularly from Japan) and United States armed forces bases. The latter takes up one-third of the entire land mass of the island. The United Nations Committee on Decolonization includes Guam on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.
History of Guam
- Main article: History of Guam
Guam's history of colonialism is the longest among the Pacific islands. Guam's first contact with western civilization occurred when Ferdinand Magellan reached the island in 1521 during his around the world voyage. General Miguel López de Legazpi claimed Guam for Spain in 1565. Spanish colonization commenced in 1668. Between 1668 and 1815, Guam was an important resting stop on the Spanish trade route between the Philippines and Mexico. While Guam's Chamorro culture is unique (even when compared to neighboring Northern Mariana Islands), the cultures of both Guam and the Northern Marianas were heavily influenced by Spanish culture and traditions.
The United States took control of the island in 1898 after the Battle of Guam of 1898 in the Spanish-American War. Guam was the southernmost island in the Marianas Group and this political change started Guam and the Northern Marianas (including Saipan and Tinian) down separate paths. Guam came to serve as a way station for American ships traveling to and from the Philippines.
During World War II, Guam was attacked and invaded by the Japanese armed forces on December 8, 1941. The Northern Mariana islands had become a Japanese protectorate before the war. The Northern Mariana Chamorros, as a result, were allies of the Japanese. The Guam Chamorros were treated as an occupied enemy by the Japanese military. The United States returned and fought the Battle of Guam in 1944 to recapture the island from Japanese military occupation. While the Northern Marianas were also liberated from Japanese rule and came under the U.S. political rule and commonwealth status, some cultural rift between Guam and Northern Mariana Chamorros remains.
The Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's government, and granted the people United States citizenship.
Politics of Guam
- Main article: Politics of Guam
The population of Guam is largely proud of its U.S. connection, and its economy is greatly dependent on the US military bases. The U.S. connection also contributes to Guam's status as a Japanese tourist destination. The Guamanian population is generally culturally sympathetic toward the U.S., based especially in common tribulations during WWII, and on good relations with the U.S. military since.
Maintenance of the status quo vis-à-vis the current political relationship between the territory and the U.S. is, however, not without controversy. There is a significant movement in favor of Guam becoming a commonwealth in political union with the U.S. (i.e., the political status of Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands). Competing movements with less significant influence exist, one of which advocates political independence from the United States, while another movement advocates statehood. These proposals however, are not seen as favorable or realistic within the U.S. federal government, who argue Guam does not have the financial stability or self sufficiency to warrant such status. The same sources quickly provide evidence of Guam’s increasing reliance on Federal spending, and question how commonwealth status or statehood would benefit the United States as a greater whole.
In whatever form it takes, most people on Guam favor a modified version of the current territorial status, involving greater autonomy from the federal government (similar to the autonomy of individual states). Perceived indifference by the U.S. Congress regarding a change-of-status petition submitted by Guam has led many to feel that the territory is being unjustly deprived of the benefits of a more equitable union with the U.S.
See: List of Guam Governors
Transportation and Communications in Guam
- Main articles: Communications in Guam, Transportation in Guam
Guam is served by Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport.
Economy
Guam's economy depends primarily on tourism, the United States military base presence, and other federal spending. Although Guam receives no foreign aid, it does receive large transfer payments from the general revenues of the US Federal Treasury into which Guam pays no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special law of Congress, the Guam Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal employees stationed in Guam.
Guam is a favorite destination for Japanese tourists. Guam is a relatively short flight from Japan compared to Hawaii, and a series of tourist hotels and golf courses were built to cater to the tourists. Today, about 90 percent of tourists to Guam are Japanese. Big sources of revenue to the area are the many duty-free designer shopping outlets, and the American-style Micronesia Mall.
The main tourist beach, Tumon Bay has beautiful white sand, and Tumon Bay is now a marine preserve, teeming with fish. Recently completed infrastructure projects have brought underground fiber-optics and new roads to the busy Tumon area.
The economy had been booming since 2000 due to Japanese tourists, but took a downturn with the rest of Asia. Guam has a 14% unemployment rate, and the government suffered a $314 million shortfall in 2003 alone.[1]
The following is the amount in billion of dollars, that the Government of Guam has spent in Federal grants for various government and economic expenditures minus those of the United States Armed Forces:[2]
-
- 1993 - $1.004
- 1994 - $1.061
- 1995 - $0.809
- 1996 - $0.829
- 1997 - $0.846
- 1998 - $0.998
- 1999 - $0.844
- 2000 - $0.841
- 2001 - $0.907
- 2002 - $1.113
- 2003 - $1.538
"The Compact of Free Association between the United States of America, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of the Marshall Islands was signed in 1982, and ratified in 1986. It accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of 'free association.'" Compact of Free Association The Compact was an agreement to which the Guam was not a party. However, Guam along with Hawaii and California have borne the economic brunt of this treaty.
Geography
- Main articles: Geography of Guam
Guam is located at 13°26′31″N, 144°46′35″E. Guam has an area of 212 square miles (549 km²). The northern part of the island is a coralline limestone plateau while the south contains volcanic peaks. A coral reef surrounds most of the island. Guam is the southernmost island in the Mariana Island chain and is the largest island in Micronesia. Guam lies along the Marianas Trench, a deep subduction zone at the edge of the Pacific plate. The Challenger Deep, the deepest point on earth, is southwest of Guam at 35,797 feet (10,911 m) deep. The island experiences occasional earthquakes. In recent years, quakes with epicenters near Guam have had magnitudes ranging from 7.0 to 8.2. Guam is divided into 19 municipalities (often called villages).
Weather
The climate is characterized as tropical marine. The weather is generally warm and humid with little seasonal temperature variation. The average mean temperature is 86 degrees Fahrenheit (30 °C) with an average annual rainfall of 86 inches (2,180 mm).
The dry season runs from December through June. The remaining months constitute the rainy season. The highest risk of typhoons is during October and November.
An average of three tropical storms and one typhoon pass within 180 nautical miles (330 km) of Guam each year. The most intense typhoon to pass over Guam recently was Typhoon Pongsona which struck Guam in December 2002.
Ecological Issues
The island is also known as a prominent example for the disastrous effects of bioinvasion: A stowaway on U.S. military transport at the end of World War II, the slightly venomous, but rather harmless, brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) came north to Guam and killed almost the entire native bird population on the previously snake-free island. This snake has no natural predators on the island; nowadays, Guam is one of the areas with the highest snake density in the world (an estimated 2,000 snakes/km²). Even so, residents rarely see these snakes. They curl up and hide during the day, and move about on trees and fences at night. As prodigious tree climbers, the snakes allegedly caused frequent blackouts in neighborhoods across the Island. Now many power poles have a slick metal sheath that prevents the snakes from climbing.
The disappearance of Guam’s birds and fruit bats (hunted and eaten as a delicacy) could impact plants which require them to spread seeds. The loss of insectivorous birds and lizards has also led in an increased threat from insect pests. This has caused decreased crop yields and defoliation of forests.
Other introduced species include toads imported in 1937, the giant African Snail, an agricultural pest, introduced during WWII, and more recently, frog species which could threaten crops in addition to providing additional food for the brown tree snake population. Fears that their loud croaking will harm tourism also exist.
Guam in Entertainment
- In the 1996 film version of Roald Dahl's Matilda, Matilda's family decide to move to Guam to avoid the arrest of Harry Wormwood, Matilda's father. Matilda protests and is quickly adopted by her teacher Miss Honey.
- Another noteworthy mention of Guam is made by author Gordon Korman in his Island trilogy series. Guam is the setting in the first book, Shipwreck, where six "naughty" kids are put on a ship and become shipwrecked, but learn skills of survival, trust, and friendship along the way.
- In the episode of Disney Channel's The Suite Life of Zack & Cody where Zack helps Maddie to achieve the prom of her dreams, Zack is led to believe that he is Maddie's dream date, despite the fact that Maddie is three years older. Zack reasons with his mom that when he's 17 and Maddie is 20, they could "get married in 48 states" and Guam.
- In the episode of NBC's Friends where Rachel turns 30 she is bummed out about turning thirty years old and she says "You know, I'm still 29 in Guam." This, however, would be an incorrect statement as Guam lies west of the International Date Line.
- Mariah Carey heard that the island had no birds due to the brown snake and she offered to release birds there. A Guamanian politician met with her to let her know it is not exactly true.
- In the 2004 comedy "Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story" starring Vince Vaughn and Ben Stiller, the lead female character Kate mentions Guam when her friend unexpectedly shows up to watch the championship dodgeball match.
- In "Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999)" A small clip of Guam is shown in the beginning of the movie.
- In a Season Two episode of Magnum P.I. ("The Jororo Kill"), the fictional Jororo islands are located 1200 miles southeast of Guam. It's interesting that Jororo's "President Santos" has a slight Filipino accent and, near the end of the episode, attends a private Roman Catholic Mass, both apparently references to the Philippine Islands (1500 miles west of Guam).
- In Christopher Moore's books "Island of the Sequined Love Nun" and "The Stupidest Angel" the sunglass wearing fruit bat character, Roberto, is mentioned as being from Guam.
See also
From the CIA World Factbook 2000:
External links
The content of this page is retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam under GFDL
