Herbert von Karajan (Salzburg April 5, 1908 Anif near Salzburg – July 16, 1989) was an Austrian conductor. He was one of the most prominent conductors of the postwar period. Karajan conducted the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra for thirty-five years.
Life
Roots
Herbert von Karajan's great-great-grandfather, Georg Johannes Karajanis, whose surname hints ultimately to a Vlach (Aromanian) origin, was born in Kozani, at that time a town in the Ottoman Empire (now in Northern Greece) and left for Vienna in 1767, eventually moving to Chemnitz in Saxony. He and his brother participated in the establishement of Saxony's cloth industry, and both were ennobled for their services by Frederick Augustus III on June 1, 1792. The Karajanis name became Karajan. [1]
Early years
Herbert von Karajan was born in Salzburg as 'Herbert Ritter von Karajan. From 1916 to 1926, he studied at the Mozarteum Conservatory in Salzburg, where he was encouraged to study conducting.
In 1929, he conducted Salome at the Festspielhaus in Salzburg.
From 1929 to 1934, he was first Kapellmeister at the Stadttheater in Ulm, Germany.
In 1933, he made his debut at the Salzburg Festival, conducting the music for the "Walpurgisnacht Scene" in Max Reinhardt's production of Faust. The following year, he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic for the first time, also in Salzburg. 1933 was also the year that Karajan joined the Nazi Party; this took place on April 8, 1933 in Salzburg, two months after Adolf Hitler took power in Germany.
From 1934 to 1941, he conducted opera and symphony concerts at the Aachen opera house.
In 1935, Karajan was appointed Germany's youngest "Generalmusikdirektor" and was a guest conductor in Brussels, Stockholm, Amsterdam, and other cities.
In 1937, Karajan made his debut with the Berlin Philharmonic and the Berlin State Opera with Fidelio. He enjoyed a major success with Tristan und Isolde and was hailed by a Berlin critic as "Das Wunder Karajan" (1938). He received a contract with Deutsche Grammophon; his first recording was the Die Zauberflöte overture, made with the Staatskapelle Berlin.
Postwar years
In 1946, Karajan gave his first post-war concert, in Vienna with the Vienna Philharmonic, but he was banned from further conducting activities by the Russian occupation authorities because of his Nazi party membership. That summer, he participated anonymously in the Salzburg Festival. The following year, he was allowed to resume conducting.
In 1948, Karajan became artistic director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna. He also conducted at La Scala in Milan. However, his most prominent activity at this time was making recordings with the newly-formed Philharmonia Orchestra in London. He built the orchestra into one of the world's finest.
In 1951 and 1952, he conducted at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus.
In 1955, he was appointed music director for life of the Berlin Philharmonic as successor to Wilhelm Furtwängler. From 1957 to 1964, he was artistic director of the Vienna State Opera. He was closely involved with the Vienna Philharmonic and the Salzburg Festival, where he initiated the Easter Festival, which would remain tied to the Berlin Philharmonic's Music Director after his tenure. He continued to perform, conduct, and record prolifically until his death in 1989.
Karajan and the compact disc
Karajan played an important role in the development of the compact disc digital audio format. He championed the format, lent his prestige to it, and appeared at the press conference announcing the format. The first CD prototypes had a playing time limited to 60 minutes; and it is frequently asserted that the longer 74-minute capacity was chosen in order to encompass Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, and that Karajan's recordings and wishes played some part in this decision. As a a matter of fact, it was Karajan who argued that the standard lenght of the compact disc should be set by this most famous and universal of works. However, when searching for the longest existing version of the symphony, Akio Morita, CEO of Sony and a close friend of Karajan's, realized that it was none of the Austrian's recordings (at an average lenght of 66 minutes), but the 1951 Wilhelm Furtwängler version recorded in Bayreuth by Walter Legge, which henceforth set the average limit of the CD.
Politics
As was the case with soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Karajan's membership in the Nazi Party from 1933 to 1945 cast him in an uncomplimentary light when revealed later, despite the apparent fact that he joined the party to advance his career rather than for ideological reasons. Musicians such as Isaac Stern and Itzhak Perlman refused to play in concerts with Karajan because of his Nazi past. Karajan's committment to the Nazi cause has been questioned given the fact of his marriage, in 1942, to Anita Guetermann, a woman of clear Jewish origin. Karajan's star within the government dimmed from that point.
Musicianship
There is widespread agreement that Karajan had a gift for extracting beautiful sound from an orchestra. Where opinion varies concerns the greater aesthetic ends to which the Karajan sound was employed. The American critic Harvey Sachs criticized the Karajan approach as follows:
- Karajan seemed to have opted instead for an all-purpose, highly refined, lacquered, calculatedly voluptuous sound that could be applied, with the stylistic modifications he deemed appropriate, to Bach and Puccini, Mozart and Mahler, Beethoven and Wagner, Schumann and Stravinsky... many of his performances had a prefabricated, artificial quality that those of Toscanini, Furtwängler, and others never had ... most of Karajan's records are exaggeratedly polished, a sort of sonic counterpart to the films and photographs of Leni Riefenstahl.
This all-purpose style struck many listeners as yielding different degrees of success in the music of different eras. Web data suggest that of Karajan's numerous recordings, those of the mainstream nineteenth century Romantic repertory often attract great admiration (and that many regard his 1962 recording of the Beethoven symphonies as the yardstick for all other performances of these pieces), but there is little affection for his work in Baroque music or that of the Classical period.
Two arguably representative reviews from the widely-read Penguin Guide to Compact Discs can be taken to illustrate the point.
- Concerning a recording of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, a canonical Romantic work, the Penguin authors wrote "Karajan's is a sensual performance of Wagner's masterpiece, caressingly beautiful and with superbly refined playing from the Berlin Philharmonic ... an excellent first choice."
- About Karajan's recording of Haydn's "Paris" symphonies, the same authors wrote, "big-band Haydn with a vengeance ... It goes without saying that the quality of the orchestral playing is superb. However, these are heavy-handed accounts, closer to Imperial Berlin than to Paris ... the Minuets are very slow indeed ... These performances are too charmless and wanting in grace to be whole-heartedly recommended."
As for twentieth century music, Karajan was criticized for having conducted and recorded almost only pre-1945 works (Mahler, Schoenberg, Berg, Webern, Bartok, Sibelius, Richard Strauss, Puccini, Ildebrando Pizzetti, Arthur Honegger, Prokofiev, Debussy, Paul Hindemith, Carl Nielsen and Stravinsky), although he did record Shostakovich's Symphony No. 10 (1953) twice, and did premiere Carl Orff's "De Temporum Fine Comoedia" in 1973.
Professional behavior
Some critics, particularly British critic Norman Lebrecht, charged von Karajan with initiating a devastating inflational spiral in performance fees. During his tenure as director of publicly-funded performing organizations such as the Vienna Philharmonic, the Berlin Philharmonic, and the Salzburg Festival, he started paying guest stars exorbitantly, as well as ratcheting up his own remuneration:
- Once he possessed orchestras he could have them produce discs, taking the vulture's share of royalties for himself and rerecording favorite pieces for every new technology until he died (digital LPs, CD, videotape, laserdisc). In addition to making it difficult for other conductors to record with his orchestras, von Karajan also drove up the prices that he would be paid and thus other conductors wanted. [2]
During a rehearsal of the Beethoven Triple Concerto with David Oistrakh, Svyatoslav Richter and Mystislav Rostropovich, Oistrakh asked Karajan if they could go over a passage one more time to which Karajan replied "No now it is time for pictures". This did not prevent Oistrakh from saying, when Karajan turned 65, that he was "the greatest living conductor, a master in every styles."
Finally, Karajan was held by some to be excessively egotistical. When he conducted Wagner at the Metropolitan Opera, he raised the conductor's stand to place himself in the line of sight of the audience; in operatic recordings of Verdi, he changed the balance so as to bring the sound of the orchestra forward in the final mix, all to emphasize his role in the music-making. Critics compare him with Leonard Bernstein, pointing out both conductors were "unequaled in their mastery of podium histrionics." In fact, with his intimately known Berlin group, he frequently resembled Fritz Reiner in his economy of motion. He also often conducted with his eyes closed, intent upon the effect he was creating, secure in the fact that he had one of the greatest orchestras of the modern era under his command. He did, however, share one similarity with Bernstein: If he did not like a work - and there was much non-Germanic literature he did not like - it was only too apparent in his approach to conducting that work.
Notes
- Note regarding personal names: Ritter is a title, translated approximately as Knight, not a first or middle name. There is no equivalent female form.
References
- Raymond Holden, The Virtuoso Conductors: The Central European Tradition from Wagner to Karajan (2005), Yale University Press, ISBN 0300093268
- Norman Lebrecht Maestro Myth: Great Conductors in Pursuit of Power (2001) Citadel Press, ISBN 0806520884
- Ivan March, Edward Greenfield, and Robert Layton Penguin Guide to Compact Discs, ISBN 0140513671
- Richard Osborne, Herbert von Karajan (1998), Chatto & Windus (London), ISBN 0701167149
External links
The content of this page is retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan under GFDL
