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Paul Martin (born August 28, 1938, in Windsor, Ontario) was the 21st Prime Minister of Canada and the former leader of the Liberal Party of Canada.
He took office as Prime Minister on December 12, 2003, succeeding Jean Chrétien. On February 6, 2006, following his party's defeat in the 2006 general election he resigned, and was succeeded by Stephen Harper.
Martin has been the Member of Parliament for the riding of LaSalle-Émard in Montreal since 1988, and was previously Minister of Finance from 1993 to 2002.
On November 14, 2003, Martin succeeded Jean Chrétien as leader of the Liberal Party. On June 28, 2004, the 38th Canadian federal election yielded a minority government in which the Liberals under Martin remained in power. On January 23, 2006, the 39th general election produced a minority victory for the opposition Conservative Party, led by Stephen Harper. Late on election night, Martin announced he would resign as Liberal leader, but would continue to sit in Parliament. On February 6 at 9:30 a.m. EST at Rideau Hall, Martin tendered his resignation as prime minister to Governor General Michaëlle Jean.
On February 1, 2006, Bill Graham was elected parliamentary leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Commons, and will act as Leader of the Opposition on an interim basis. Martin formally remained leader of the party until his resignation was officially accepted by the Liberal Party's National Executive on March 18, 2006. A permanent replacement for Martin will be chosen at the Liberal Party's leadership convention on December 2-3, 2006. The executive appointed Graham as interim leader until the convention.
According to Canadian protocol, as a former Prime Minister, he is styled "The Right Honourable" for life.
Early life
A businessman and politician, Paul Edgar Philippe Martin is from a Roman Catholic family. His father, Paul Joseph James Martin, a Franco-Ontarian of half Irish and half French descent, served thirty-three years as a member of the Canadian House of Commons and was a cabinet minister in four Liberal governments. His mother, Eleanor "Nell" Adams, was of Scottish, Métis and Irish descent. Despite the French-Canadian strains in his family tree, Martin was raised in an English-speaking environment in Windsor and Ottawa. To give him the opportunity to improve his French, his parents enrolled him in a private French-language middle school, École Garneau in Ottawa. He then briefly attended the University of Ottawa.
Martin then went on to study at the University of St. Michael's College at the University of Toronto, and graduated with a BA in history and philosophy in 1961. He followed his father's path to the University of Toronto Law School where he received his LL.B in 1965. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1966.
In 1965, Martin married Sheila Ann Cowan, and now they have three sons, Paul, Jamie and David.
Before entering politics, Martin had a long career in the private sector. He served as:
Executive Assistant to Maurice Strong, President of Power Corporation of Canada; Vice-President, Power Corporation; Vice-President, Consolidated Bathurst Ltd. (A Power Co. subsidiary); Vice-President, Planning and Development for Power Corporation; President and later Chief Executive Officer, CSL Group Inc.; Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Canada Steamship Lines; Corporate Director for C.B. Pak Inc, Redpath Industries Ltd., Fednav Ltd., Manufacturers Life Insurance Co., Canadian Shipbuilding & Engineering Ltd. and Imasco Corp.
In July 1981, he was offered the opportunity to buy Canada Steamship Lines, then a Power Corporation subsidiary, in a risky leveraged buy out in partnership with acquaintance Lawrence Pathy. He calculated that they could afford the buy-out as long as interest rates, which were at an all-time high in Canada, did not continue to rise. The partners went for it, the largest leveraged buy-out in Canadian history, and the gamble paid off: within a few months rates began to fall - Martin was a confirmed millionaire. His declaration of assets upon entering Parliament included ownership of dozens of companies around the world, thirty-three ships, office buildings, apartment blocks and movie theatres. In 2004, Forbes.com estimated Martin's personal wealth at $225,000,000 (USD). Canada Steamship Lines, the company he was obliged to dispose of upon assuming the office of Prime Minister, came under fire in the 2006 election for its practice of employing flags of convenience, to avoid taxes.
Candidacy for the Liberal Party leadership
In 1984, the Liberal Party was defeated under the leadership of John Turner, falling to just 40 seats. Many Liberals looked to replace Turner with a candidate new to politics. A group of young Liberals approached Martin as a possible candidate, and while he did not take part in an attempt to overthrow Turner, he did prepare to succeed him in the leadership should the position open.
In 1988, Martin was elected as the Member of Parliament for LaSalle-Émard. The riding is located in western Montreal, an area considered a "Liberal fortress" since many Canadian political experts believe it would take a complete Liberal meltdown for that party to lose even a few seats there. He has been reelected at every election since then without much difficulty.
He was a candidate at the 1990 Liberal leadership convention, losing to Jean Chrétien in a bitter race that resulted in lasting animosity between the two men and their supporters. A key moment in that race took place at an all-candidates debate in Montreal, where the discussion quickly turned to the Meech Lake Accord, a constitutional overhaul designed by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney to allow Quebec to sign the 1982 Constitution. Martin, favouring Meech, attempted to force Chrétien to abandon his nuanced position on the deal and declare for or against it. When Chrétien refused to endorse the deal, young Liberal delegates crowding the hall began to chant "Vendu" - "traitor" in French - and "Judas" at the next Liberal leader. Chrétien's reputation in his home province never recovered, and severely hampered his ability to win support there. Martin continues to state he had nothing to do with the response from the floor.
After the leadership convention, Chrétien gave Martin a leading position in the party, including having him co-author the election manifesto "Creating Opportunity", more commonly known as the Red Book.
Finance Minister
Despite lingering bitterness from the leadership race, the Liberal Party won the 1993 election and Martin was appointed minister of finance by the new prime minister, Jean Chrétien. At the time, Canada had one of the highest annual deficits of the G7 countries. As finance minister, Martin erased a $42 billion deficit, recorded five consecutive budget surpluses, paid down $36 billion of national debt. Martin balanced the budget by decreasing federal transfer payments to the provinces, forcing most of them into deficeits. To pay down the national debt, Martin raided the Employment Insurance fund and the pension funds of public servants including the Armed Forces and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police although much of those funds were actually employee contributions. The legal challenge of these raids is still before the courts.
During his tenure as finance minister Martin was responsible for lowering Canada's debt-to-GDP ratio from a peak of seventy per cent to about fifty per cent in the mid-1990s. In December 2001, he was named as a member of the World Economic Forum's "dream cabinet." The global business and financial body listed Martin along with United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan as top world leaders.
Also during his tenure as finance minister, Martin coordinated a series of meetings between the finance ministers of all provinces to discuss how to address the pending crisis in the Canada Pension Plan (CPP). Consequently, Martin oversaw the creation of a general public consultation process in February 1996 that eventually led to major structural reform of the CPP. The results of this public consultation process were collected and analyzed by the Finance ministry. Eventually, it led to a proposal for overhauling the CPP, which was presented to Parliament and was approved soon after, thereby averting a pension crisis if left unaddressed.
While Martin's record as finance minister was lauded in business and financial circles, there were undeniable costs. Some of these costs took the form of reduced government services. This was most noticeable in the Health Care sector, as major reductions in federal funding to the provinces meant significant cuts in service delivery. Moreover, there were cuts in government services across the board, affecting the operations and achievement of the mandate of most federal departments. Critics point out that Martin's actions as finance minister were consistent with a neoliberal agenda. Nevertheless, it must be borne in mind that while Martin held an influential position within the government and the Liberal Party of Canada, his actions as finance minister were very much part of his party's program.
Becoming Prime Minister
Prime Minister Chrétien and Martin frequently clashed while in office. It was often reported that Chrétien had never forgiven Martin for running against him in the Liberal leadership convention of 1990, and privately often condemned Martin in bitter terms to his aides. Some suggested that if Martin was not promised the Finance portfolio in the event of the Liberals 1993 election victory, Martin would have resigned, splitting the Liberal Party. In fact, Jean Lapierre, who was a staunch supporter of Martin, wore black armbands at the 1990 Liberal Party convention to protest Chrétien's victory. Lapierre then crossed the floor to the newly formed Bloc Québécois party in the House of Commons. After Chrétien's third electoral victory in the 2000 election, there was much speculation in the media and in Ottawa that Martin was after Chrétien's job and wanted to force the prime minister into early retirement.
The conflicts between the two men reached a peak in 2002. Martin was removed from Cabinet, and was replaced by John Manley as Finance Minister. Soon after, Martin formally declared his intention to run as leader of the Liberal Party at the next party convention. Over the summer of 2002, Martin toured the country campaigning to succeed Chrétien while his Liberal organizers prepared to challenge Chrétien's leadership during a review vote in January 2003. During the fall, Chrétien announced that he would resign in the spring of 2004 after less than half of caucus agreed to sign a commitment to support him. The Liberal party called a leadership convention for the fall of 2003.
After that, Martin's opponents for leadership quickly dropped out of the race. On September 21, 2003, he easily defeated his sole remaining opponent, former Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps by securing ninety-two per cent of the party delegates from across the country. On November 14, 2003, he was formally declared the winner at the Liberal leadership convention, capturing 3,242 of 3,455 votes. On December 12, 2003, he was formally appointed by Governor General Adrienne Clarkson as the twenty-first Prime Minister of Canada.
Martin provoked controversy as his new cabinet retained only half the ministers from Chrétien's administration, and Martin would not even sign the nomination papers for former ministers who wanted to run for the Liberal Party in the upcoming Parliamentary elections. At the time, however, this had little impact on Martin's record popularity, since pundits noted that a new cabinet was a refreshing change from Chrétien's ten-year tenure. However, once the sponsorship scandal broke out, this tactic backfired spectacularly, as a skeptical electorate saw Martin's cabinet shuffle as a cynical attempt to try to blame the scandal on the past government. Many long-time Liberals were also put off by Martin's control of the riding nomination process, and former Liberal strongholds were weakened due to disgruntled members leaving the party.
On February 9, 2004, Martin and the Liberals were rocked by a report from Auditor General Sheila Fraser that sponsorship contracts designed to increase the federal government's status in Quebec resulted in little to no work done. Many of the agencies had Liberal ties, and roughly $100 million of the $250 million in program spending went missing. Martin has stated that there has to have been political direction but denies involvement in, or knowledge of, the sponsorship contracts, and has called a public inquiry into what has come to be known as the Sponsorship Scandal. Opponents, however, state that as finance minister he must have known about these activities. They also noted that the role of the Finance portfolio is uniquely powerful, since that minister budgets for all of the other departments. Some have even compared Paul Martin's time as Finance Minister to Andrew Fastow, former CFO of the Enron Corporation. Those charges were very effective in Quebec, where Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe even accused Martin of planning to widen the St. Lawrence seaway to benefit his own Canada Steamship Lines.
Immediately after becoming Prime Minister, Martin enjoyed record approval ratings and it looked as if he might eclipse Brian Mulroney's record of 211 seats in the 1984 election. Support slumped, however, as a result of the scandal and a desire for change. Nonetheless, Martin decided to call an election for June 28, 2004, such that the public inquiry would not be ready to release a report in a short time and thus damage Liberal public support, and in order to catch the newly merged Conservative Party of Canada off guard as they had not yet had the opportunity to formulate their new policies.
Polls placed the Liberals in a dead heat with the Conservatives. Eventually during the campaign, it was predicted that the Liberals would lose by only a few seats, possibly producing a Conservative minority government. It was even seen by some commentators in the media as possible that a Conservative majority government could be formed. The Liberals managed to narrow the gap and divert attention from the sponsorship scandal that was dogging the party via campaign tactics and attack ads that portrayed opposition leader Stephen Harper and the Conservative Party as harbouring a "Hidden Agenda" on social issues such as abortion. Martin was successful in obtaining another term in office, albeit in a Liberal minority government, the length of which would depend on his ability to push his agenda through a "wheeling and dealing" House of Commons.
Minority government
Martin's government faced combined challenges from Quebec separatism, Newfoundland provincialism and general hostility arising from allegations of scandal. Relations with the United States grew worse and Martin had trouble commanding the support of the Commons. The first real test of the Liberal minority came following the Speech from the throne on October 5, 2004. The Conservatives announced plans to move an amendment to the speech. In this they were supported by the separatist Bloc Québécois and the New Democratic Party. The fall of the government was averted only when Martin agreed to accept a watered-down version of the amendment.
At the First Ministers' Meeting of September 13-15, 2004, Martin and the provincial premiers reached an agreement on increased funding for healthcare. It was not a "deal for a generation" as promised in the election, but it was a decade-long financial commitment that was expected to lower the heat in federal-provincial relations, which had worsened during Chrétien's time in office.
Martin also introduced changes to the equalization program, under which the federal government transfers money to provinces that have less ability to raise revenues through taxation than wealthier provinces. This was hailed in the "have not" provinces as a great accomplishment, but it was not enough for Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador. In the 2004 federal election campaign, Harper promised both the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia that under a Conservative government they would receive 100% of the revenue generated from their natural resources without an equalization clawback, which was viewed by the governments of those provinces as a more favourable arrangement than the previous situation. NDP leader Jack Layton followed suit soon after with a similar guarantee, and later Martin promised that under a Liberal government both provinces would receive the same deal, except only for oil resources. All three deals were seen as an improvement on the previous situation, and later Martin was returned to power in a minority government. However, Danny Williams, premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, ordered that all Canadian flags be removed from provincial government buildings in December 2004, citing his concerns that Martin was not honouring the initial promise made during the height of the 2004 federal election campaign: that Newfoundland and Nova Scotia would receive 100% of offshore oil revenues without an equalization clawback. Instead, the government offered the provinces a different revenue regime that was not seen to be as palatable by the two Atlantic provinces. The dispute was finally resolved 8 months after the original promise was made when the federal government finally agreed to honour its original promise in full. It has been suggested by some that Martin had caved to Williams out of concern for the fragility of the Liberal minority government.
Same-sex marriage proved to be a defining issue of Martin's mandate. Martin opposed same-sex marriage in a 1999 vote on the issue along with a majority of MPs, but changed his stance in 2004. In the midst of various court rulings in 2003 and 2004 that allowed for the legalization of same-sex marriages in seven provinces and one territory, his government proposed a bill to legalize same-sex marriage across Canada. The House of Comons passed the Civil Marriage Act in late June 2005 in a late night last-minute vote before parliament closed down, and the Senate passed it in July 2005. This made Canada the fourth country in the world to allow same-sex marriages. Some critics continue to claim that there are more serious problems with Canada's justice system to deal with.
The 2005 federal budget was presented in the House of Commons on February 23, 2005. It was criticized as an "election budget" in that it allocated funds for a wide variety of programs which was seen by some as an attempt to attract support to the Liberals. The budget included an array of new spending for the armed forces, the environment and for a national child care program. It also included tax cuts, over the next five years. Much of the budget, and particularly the tax cuts, has been described by some critics as "back-loaded" — that is, Canadians will have to wait many years to see the promised cuts, if they see them at all.
Paul Martin addressing Canadians on the sponsorship scandal
Public hearings of the Gomery Commission inquiry into the sponsorship scandal involving alleged kickbacks and "donations" from Quebec advertising agencies and corporations to Liberal Party operatives led to a drop in the Liberal Party's popularity. The first volume of the Gomery Report, released on November 1, 2005, cleared Martin of any wrong doing while placing blame for the scandal on former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. However, many have criticized the Gomery Inquiry as not having the scope to assign criminal responsibility for the Scandal or to investigate Martin's role, and indeed some have accused Martin of purposely "tying Gomery's hands."
Foreign policy
- Further information: National Missile Defense in Canada, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]
Martin assumed office with the intention of improving U.S.-Canada relations which had noticeably cooled in the later years of Jean Chrétien. After much delay, on February 24, 2005, Foreign Affairs Minister Pierre Pettigrew told the House of Commons that Canada would not participate in the American National Missile Defense Program. Martin also announced that he expected to be consulted in the case of a missile being launched over Canadian air space. Polls taken at the time suggested that Canadians did not wish to be involved with the US Missile Defense Program. Martin's decision came with much praise from the left, but on the right was seen as another way the government was distancing itself from the U.S. His government has continued to cooperate with the United States on border control, refugee claimants, and defence, and he appointed seasoned Liberal politician Frank McKenna as Canada's ambassador to Washington.
Martin became involved in a spat with the current US administration after accusing the US of not caring about the global environment. Martin also said that he was standing up for Canada's interests over softwood and other issues, while both NDP leader Jack Layton and Conservative Leader Stephen Harper have accused Martin of orchestrating a spat with the US in order to garner public support during an election campaign. Both have noted that Canada's record in cutting carbon dioxide emissions is worse than that of the United States.
Martin was criticized for failing to reach a foreign-aid target of 0.7 per cent of GDP, most notably by Bono of Irish rock group U2 (who has claimed that he is going to "kick [Martin's] butt," over the issue), despite much rhetoric that he favoured an increase in foreign aid after the cut-backs of the 1990s. Martin later responded that, in his view, many foreign leaders had made pledges that were too fanciful.
Martin had been promoting, without much success, the expansion of the G8 into a larger group of twenty nations G20. He had also been trying to forge a closer relationship with the People's Republic of China by announcing the strategic partnership initiative during PRC President Hu Jintao's state visit to Canada in September 2005.
Supreme Court appointments
Martin appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of Canada:
Criticism of minority government
The security of the minority government came under fire as the Conservatives threatened to force an election by use of their "opposition day," when they get to set the Parliament's agenda. The Conservatives would use this time to hold a vote of no confidence in order to topple Martin's minority government. To avoid this, Martin removed all opposition days from the schedule and made a public appearance on April 21, 2005, to attempt to gain support from the Canadian people to let the inquiry run its course before an election is called. In the rebuttal speeches by the opposition party leaders, Layton offered his party's support provided that they were given major concessions in the budget such as cancelling the proposed corporate tax cuts. Days later, the Liberals took the NDP up on their offer and negotiated tax cut deferments and new spending initiatives.
The situation worsened in May, when Parliament passed a motion asking one of its committees to express a lack of confidence in the government. The Liberals dismissed this as a procedural matter, causing some to accuse them of governing unlawfully by ignoring parliamentary tradition. The Conservatives and Bloc interpreted it as a vote of no confidence, and they combined their votes to shut down the House of Commons early for two days in a row. Martin drew fire when he decided to wait for several days before a confidence vote (on the budget) could be held. In the midst of the ensuing Parliamentary crisis, Martin's government was criticized for altering the budget radically to win the support of the NDP.
Debate raged over increasing government expenditures, although these are unlikely to produce a deficit this year. Among the new commitments was aid for Sudan, which Sudan's officials refused as Martin didn't ask them about it. This aid was attacked as a perceived attempt to win the vote of a single independent MP, former Liberal David Kilgour. Kilgour nevertheless voted against the government.
Government surviving
On May 17, 2005, MP Belinda Stronach crossed the floor from the Conservative Party and joined the Liberal Party to become Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development. Martin claimed Stronach's move was due to concerns over the direction the Conservative Party was taking, while others accused Stronach of political opportunism and Martin of outright bribery. This event changed the balance of power in the House of Commons in favour of Martin's government. This caused a tie during a May 2005 confidence vote and meant that the Speaker of the House needed to cast the deciding vote. He voted with the government, following the tradition that the Speaker votes to continue debate, and that allowed the budget to pass on May 19, 2005. The Liberals were also saved by independent MP the late Chuck Cadman, who voted with the government.
On August 4, 2005, the government announced that Martin had advised Queen Elizabeth II to appoint Michaëlle Jean as Governor General. The reception to the appointment was mixed. Some applauded the move, including Harper. Some critics were upset by revelations that her husband had both dined with members of the former terrorist organization, FLQ, and had been warmly supportive of them in the past. Subsequent to her appointment she has reaffirmed her commitment to federalism and the issue died down - even though, in a recent press release defending herself and her past, she chose not to use the word "loyal" in describing her relationship to Canada, fuelling further speculation in some quarters. The appointment of Jean was criticized by some commentators in the Canadian media as an attempt to pander to various interest groups in Quebec. Others applauded it as an attempt to undercut the Quebec sovereignty movement by appealing to the growing group of francophone immigrants in the province.
On October 31, 2005, Martin appeared as himself in the opening sequence of an episode of the popular CTV sitcom, Corner Gas entitled "Fun Run", becoming the first sitting Prime Minister to appear on such a program. The episode starts with Martin about to give an address to the nation. Series star Brent Butt, out of character, walks up to Martin and asks why the Prime Minister is interrupting his show, suggesting Martin send out a mass e-mail to Canadians instead. Martin tells Butt he likes the way the comic thinks; Butt in reply asks for a ministerial appointment, a lampoon of recent events that had occurred in parliament. Martin then says, "I gotta go" and quickly exits as the opening credits begin. The episode aired the night before the Gomery report was issued.
Fall of government
In November 2005, the Conservatives, supported by the other two opposition parties (the NDP and Bloc Quebecois), introduced a motion of non confidence against Martin's government. The motion passed on November 28] by a count of 171-133, defeating the Martin government and forcing an election.
The motion was notable in that it was the first time a ruling government had been defeated on a non-confidence motion not associated with any legislation; previous defeats of minority governments in Canada had occurred in connection with the failure of financial legislation, such as budget bills. Having already been unable to achieve a majority government, as had been expected of him in his first campaign, it had been widely speculated that a failure by Martin to secure a majority government in this election would end his tenure as Liberal leader.
2006 federal election
- Main article: Canadian federal election, 2006
For Martin and the Liberals, the 56-day campaign entailed an emphasis on choosing a vision of Canada different from that of the Conservatives, centring on issues of health care, daycare, tax cutting, and national autonomy. Instead, the campaign focused on the perception of corruption within the Liberal Party, stemming from revelations of details regarding the sponsorship scandal. The campaign was seen by many as a referendum on the Liberal Party, and a judgement on Paul Martin's role in the scandal. It was notable that the Liberal campaign did not aggressively publicize the findings of the Gomery Report: Phase 1 which exonerated Martin from responsibility and liability for the misspending of public funds.
Prior to the campaign and upon dropping of the writs, opinion polling indicated the Liberals were ahead of the Conservatives by 2-10% popular support (30 November 2005: Liberals 35%, Conservatives 30%). Under constant campaign pressure by all opposition parties casting Martin and the Liberals as corrupt – and amid accusations of criminal investigations and impropriety towards year's end regarding federal tax change announcements for income trusts – Liberal support fell to as low as 26% in the early weeks of January 2006, putting them as far as 18% behind the leading Conservatives (the polling firm reporting the 18% margin, however, initially considered this margin unreliable and did not release the numbers). Compounding the damage of opposition campaigning, Martin was deficient in the televised campaign debates: while appearing passionate in his message, Martin stuttered in making statements and appeared somewhat flustered. Opinion polls indicated that his opponent, Harper, appeared 'most prime ministerial' in the debates.
In an attempt to sway voter sentiment in the final two weeks of the campaign, the Liberals prepared a series of negative-focus "attack ads". The tactic backfired when one Liberal ad insinuated that Harper would place armed Canadian soldiers on the streets of major cities and that this would be a dangerous thing ("Stephen Harper actually announced he wants to increase military presence in our cities. Canadian cities. Soldiers with guns. In our cities. In Canada. We did not make this up."). This ad was in response to a Conservative pledge to put troops on the ready for civil aid in the case of a natural disaster. While the ad was posted on the Liberals' website, it was never aired in English (a French language version, however, did air in Quebec). This ad, and the negative reaction to it by those who are or have served in the military, Conservatives, several NDP members and even some prominent Liberals, became a news story for several days and overshadowed other Liberal advertisements and policy announcements.
In the end, the Conservatives won a plurality of support and seats, finishing 31 seats short of a majority. The final popular vote and seat distribution indicated a resurgence in Liberal support in the last week of the campaign, which many credited to Martin saving his most focused and effective campaigning for the days leading up to the final poll.
Results of the 2006 election
After the 2006 election
Due to the closeness of the results, it was mathematically possible for Martin to remain prime minister in a majority coalition with the Bloc or in a minority coalition with the NDP with confidence-and-supply support from the Bloc. However, neither combination would have been politically realistic.
As a result, shortly after midnight on January 24, 2006, after it became clear that the Conservatives were on their way to a plurality, Martin conceded defeat and announced his resignation as party leader. He said: "I will continue to represent with pride the people of LaSalle—Émard, but I will not take our party into another election as leader." The announcement came as a surprise to many, including Liberal insiders.
Later that day, at 9:30 a.m., Martin officially informed Governor General Michaëlle Jean of his intention to resign as Prime Minister of Canada. [1] Jean formally asked Harper to form a government later that day. Martin remained as prime minister until Harper's minority government was sworn in February 6, 2006, formally resigning at 10:00 a.m. that day.[2]
On February 1, Martin stepped down as Liberal parliamentary leader and the Liberal caucus appointed Bill Graham, MP for Toronto Centre and outgoing Defence Minister, as interim parliamentary leader. Graham thus became Leader of the Opposition when the new Parliament convened. Martin had intended to remain nominal party leader until his permanent successor was chosen, but on March 16 he announced that his resignation will take effect earlier. Martin's resignation was accepted by the party's national executive on March 18, 2006. At the same meeting the date for the leadership convention to select Martin's permanent successor was set for the weekend of December 2-3, 2006. According to media reports, Martin decided to move up the date of his resignation in order to end speculation that he might lead the Liberals into another election if Stephen Harper's minority government were to fall prior to the Liberal leadership convention.[3]
Honours
Martin had the prenominal title "The Honourable" and the postnominal "PC" for life by virtue of being made a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on November 4, 1993.[4]
His prenominal was upgraded to "The Right Honourable" for life when he was appointed prime minister on December 12, 2003.
References
- Wilson-Smith, Anthony; Greenspon, Edward (1996). Double Vision: The Inside Story of the Liberals in Power. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 0385256132.
- Conservative Party of Canada. Various documents.
See also
External links
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